<p>The Wardwell-Trickey Double House is a historic two-family residence at 97-99 Ohio Street in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1836, it is one of the least-altered early duplex brick houses in the city, in a form that war rarely seen in the state outside Bangor. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wardwell-Tricky House is located on the north side of Ohio Street, just east of Coe Park, and a short way northwest of Bangor&#39;s central business district. It is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, with a gable end facing the street to the south. The house is divided longitudinally along its gable ridge into two units, and presents two five-bay fronts to the east and west. A 1-1/2 story wood frame addition extends to the north, continuing this division. Each unit has two chimneys at the ends of the main block, and a third in the ell. The entrances are set in recessed openings at the centers of the facades, and appear to be early 20th-century Colonial Revival replacements. The interiors of both units have retained a significant amount of original woodwork and hardware, including plasterwork, Greek Revival doors, stair rails, and newel posts.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1836 by two masons, Oren Wardwell and Daniel Trickey. The style of the house, with the division along the gable, is apparently a peculiarity of Bangor, and was most frequently repeated in wood frame construction. This house is among the best-preserved of those that survive from the first half of the 19th century, especially its interiors.</p><br>
<p>Kirkton of Bourtie stone circle is a recumbent stone circle located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is situated about 2+3/4 mi to the northeast of Inverurie at the end of a south-facing hillside just outside the hamlet of Kirkton of Bourtie. It stands on arable land near a minor road at an altitude of 515 ft above sea level, with the Hill of Barra prominently visible to the north.</p><br>
<p>The circle is badly damaged, with only the eastern flanker, the recumbent and two western stones surviving. The recumbent is broken but is the longest of all known such stones</p><br>
<p>The other stones, of which there were once probably six or seven, are missing, but it is thought that the circle may originally have had a diameter of around 71 ft. Some stones that may possibly be from the circle have been incorporated in a nearby gateway and wall. Fragmentary cairns are visible within the ring.</p><br>
<p>The area around the stones appears to have been used as a dump for naturally deposited stones that have been cleared off the fields. A "rude pavement" in the circle that was described in 1867 has by now disappeared entirely. The circle was scheduled by the Office of Works as an ancient monument in 1925, but its interior remained under the plough until as late as 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Washington Survey Marker is a survey marker located in San Bernardino National Forest in San Bernardino County, California. The marker served as the first initial points of the San Bernardino Baseline and Meridian, which in turn mark the starting points for the surveying and subdivision of land in Southern California. Colonel Henry Washington placed the marker in 1852 at the beginning of the USA Surveyor Generals Offices land survey of Southern California, the first survey of the region. Later surveys in 1897 and 1907 set new initial points for the survey east and west of the marker; these points replaced Washingtons marker as the official initial points in 1917. Washingtons original marker nonetheless still serves as a point along the baseline.</p><br>
<p>The marker was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 1975.</p><br>
<p>Euclid View Flats is a historic apartment building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, constructed 1894–1895. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its local significance in architecture. Euclid View Flats is a sophisticated early example of an apartment building designed to attract the middle class. Prior to the 1890s, multi-family housing in the United States was overwhelmingly in the form of tenements catering to the poor. Euclid View Flats provided an acceptable alternative to the single-family houses that dominated middle-class residential options in Saint Paul and the Dayton&#39;s Bluff neighborhood in particular. In addition to representing a change in housing preferences, the building reveals in its transitional architecture a shift from the highly ornamented Queen Anne style to the more restrained Romanesque Revival style during the same period.</p><br>
<p>Euclid View Flats is currently being rehabilitated, with plans to offer all 12 units as affordable housing. The building had fallen into some disrepair and was then vacant beginning in 2010.</p><br>
<p>FitzRandolph Gate is a wrought-iron structure that serves as the official entrance of Princeton University, standing in front of Nassau Hall on Nassau Street in Princeton, New Jersey. The gate was funded by a bequest of Augustus Van Wickle in honor of his great-grandfather, Nathaniel FitzRandolph, who had donated to the university the land on which Nassau Hall sits. The gate was completed in 1905 and was designed by McKim, Mead & White. The gate remained closed and locked apart from graduation and the P-rade until 1970, when that graduating class ensured that it would always remain open, "in a symbol of the University&#39;s openness to the local and worldwide community."</p><br>
<p>At commencement each year the graduating seniors process out of the gates to mark the completion of their time at Princeton. A widespread legend exists on campus that students who walk out of the gates before graduation will not finish their degree. In 2004 a tradition was added at Princeton&#39;s opening exercises called the Pre-Rade where the matriculating freshmen march into the gates behind the banners of their residential colleges to mark their entrance into Princeton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel FitzRandolph (1703-1780) was a son of the one of the original 17th-century Quaker settlers of Princeton. He was instrumental in raising the funds necessary to bring the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University was then known, to the town. FitzRandolph personally donated the four and half acres for Nassau Hall. His great-grandson, Augustus Van Wickle, died in a Skeet shooting accident in 1898 and he provided in his will for both the Van Wickle Gates at his alma mater, Brown University, and the FitzRandolph Gates in honor of his great-grandfather. The gate was restored in 2005 for its centenary with some original elements needing to be reconstructed. Over 230 pieces of cast metal were replaced and all new and restored parts were made of authentic wrought iron from England, using traditional blacksmithing tools and techniques.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel FitzRandolph died in 1780 and was buried nearby in his family plot. In 1909, during the construction of Holder Hall, 32 family graves were discovered. At Woodrow Wilson&#39;s direction, the remains were re-interred under the eastern arch of the new hall and a plaque was erected to commemorate FitzRandolph. It is inscribed with the Latin phrase:</p><br>
<p>In agro jacet nostro immo suo,</p><br>
<p>In our ground he sleeps, nay, rather in his own.</p><br>
<p>Reszel Castle  is a castle located in Reszel by the bank of the river Sajna, in the south-east of the town.</p><br>
<p>The castle was built in between 1350-1401. The castle was frequently looted, besieged and gained by Polish and Teutons forces. In the nineteenth century the castle was adapted into a prison, the castle was fully renovated after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Currently the castle houses the branch of the Museum of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Olsztyn, (Polish: Muzeum Warmii i Mazur w Olsztynie), a hotel and a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was built by the Bishop of Warmia, Jan of Miśnia, however the castle&#39;s first occupiers where the Teutonic Knights. In 1780 a part of the castle was adapted for a prison. In 1806 and 1807 a fire devastated the medieval castle. The castle was reconstructed in 1822, and from then on housing a Lutheran church. During the interwar period, the castle housed a museum, which is now a modern hotel.</p><br>
<p>Radzyń Chełmiński Castle - a castle built in a square formation; the seat of the Teutonic Knights&#39; Commandry, located close to the Castle Lake  to the north of the town of Radzyń Chełmiński. Currently partially in a ruin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle is one of the oldest castles built by the Teutonic Knights, built in the thirteenth century. In 1446 the castle went into Polish control, in 1628 during wars with the Swedes the castle was partially devastated, slowly turning into a ruin. Currently you are still able to see the tower - damaged by artillery fire. In 1780 Prussian authorities ordered to deconstruct whatever is let of the castle. Bricks from the three wings of the castle were used to build houses for the nearby community. The castles deconstruction was stopped towards the end of the nineteenth century. Konrad Steinbrecht, mid while planned the castles reconstruction. The castle&#39;s ruins were open for visitations at the end of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Rawa Mazowiecka Castle  is a Gothic architectural style square formation castle located in Rawa Mazowiecka, in the lowlands of the river Rawka and the river Rylka. Currently it is a renovated ruin.</p><br>
<p>According to the scriptures of Jan Długosz, the castle was built by Casimir III the Great, and the strongholds function was to protect the southern borders of Masovia. Although reconstruction efforts have been raised by Franciszek Lanckoroński, the reconstruction was stopped, most likely due to the Partitions of Poland, after which the Prussian authorities ordered to deconstruct the ruins, only keeping the tower. The rest of the brick material was used for nearby housing. Currently the renovated tower is open to tourists, and the outline of the castles former square formation has been reconstructed around the tower.</p><br>
<p>Liw Castle  - a ruin of a Gothic ducal castle raised in the fifteenth century as a guarding stronghold in the town of Liw. The castle is located in Liw , Masovian Voivodeship; in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was raised in the first half of the fifteenth century by Masovian Duke Janusz I of Warsaw, the castle was built to secure the crossing of the river Liwiec. In 1549, Bona Sforza had personally ordered for the expansion of the castle. After the Deluge of the Swedes, all that was left of the castle were stones. In 1792, a manor house was built on top of the cinders, which was destroyed half a century later. After World War II the castle and manor house were both rebuilt and since 1963 they house a museum, with a collection of military items.</p><br>
<p>Hermesprota Creek is a 2.2 mi tributary of Darby Creek in Collingdale, Sharon Hill, Darby Township, and Folcroft in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Its watershed has an area of 1.83 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Hermesprota Creek begins in the Har Zion Cemetery near the community of Collingdale, Pennsylvania. It flows south-southeast for several tenths of a mile before passing under USA Route 13 and turns west and enters Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. The creek turns south and enters the communities of Darby Township and Folcroft. Hermesprota Creek then enters the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge and receives two small unnamed tributaries, from the right and left banks respectively. After several hundred feet, it reaches its confluence with Darby Creek.</p><br>
<p>Hermesprota Creek joins Darby Creek 3.55 mi upriver of its mouth.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The water quality of Hermesprota Creek is poor. High amounts of lead, selenium, and zinc were found in sediment in the creek. Hazardous materials were dumped into the creek from 1953 to the 1970s, when the adjacent Folcroft Landfill was closed. The southern part of the creek is tidally influenced.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Hermesprota Creek is 0 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 60 and above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Hermesprota Creek has an area of 1.83 square miles. The entire creek is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Lansdowne.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hermesprota Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1176873.</p><br>
<p>Several bridges have been built across Hermesprota Creek. A concrete arch bridge with a length of 30.8 ft carries Folcroft Avenue over the creek and was built in 1925. A 24.9-foot-long concrete slab bridge was built in 1932 and carries Tribbitt Avenue across the creek.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>The drainage basin of Hermesprota Creek is a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. Recreational fishing occurs in the creek. It is in a NOAA habitat of concern.</p><br>
<p>Undun  is a lake on the Indonesian island of Roti in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, in the Lesser Sunda Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Undun located in the district Landu Leko (in the Rote Ndao Regency) on the peninsula Tapuafu, which forms the northern part of the island of Roti. To the west is the greater salt lake Usipoka. The nearest town is Kupang.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Only on Undun and Oendui, the lake located to the south of Usipoka, can one find the last extant population of Chelodina mccordi roteensis, a subspecies of the Roti Island snake-necked turtle. The range of the subspecies is confined only to this area due to severe persecution and is also here close to extinction. Researchers are urgently demanding a reserve, for example, on the peninsula Tapuafu that includes Lakes Usipoka, Undun and Oendui and the surrounding, untouched wetlands of Tanjung Pukuwatu. Since this area has a high biodiversity, it is possible undescribed species could be found in this area.</p><br>
<p>The area also contains endemic birds and is possibly an important stopover place for migratory birds such as the Australian pelican.</p><br>
<p>Sobieskis Castle in Oława is a Renaissance-Baroque style castle located in the site of a former Gothic castle. The original castle had been built by Duke Ludwik I built in the second half of the fourteenth century. It was the third castle structure in Oława, the first being the seat of the castellans, located in the south-east of the town. It remained an integral part of the towns defenses until the wars with the Hussites.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Renaissance castle was built by master Jakub of Milan (most likely with the surname Pahr, builder of the Bolków Castle), continued by his brother-in-law Bernard Niuron in 1588. After various reconstructions, this part of the castle now houses the local parish churchs rectory of St. Apostle Peter and Paul. The reconstruction covered the whole of the Gothic castle, this included the now former west and northern wings of the castle-church. The castle-churchs tower, the last fragment of the northern wing, collapsed in the later years of 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The current castle-church also has a two-level pavilion constructed in the early-Baroque architectural style, built onto the western side of the Renaissance castle. The pavilion was constructed by Italian masters during the reign of Christian, Duke of Brieg (1618&ndash;1672); the castle&#39;s building is called Christianbau. It was probably designed and built by Carlo Rossi, an Italian architect who spent most of his career in Russia and Poland. The site included a terraced garden which was incompatible with the Polish climate, causing in its rapid devastation.</p><br>
<h2>Owners and inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>The castle was part of the defenses used by the House of Piast to protect their lands from incursion by their various enemies; their royal rule in Poland ended in 1370, but the family continued to dominate the areas bordering on Bohemia and Moravia. In the 17th century, the last duke, Christian, left the castle to his widow, Louise of Anhalt-Dessau, as her dower house; she was also the regent for her son, Georg William until his death of smallpox in 1675; the boy was the last male Piast. She remained at the castle until her own death in 1680, after which the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I confiscated the Piast lands and castles.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tingstäde is a lake next to Tingstäde in the central northern part of Gotland, Sweden. It is the next biggest lake on Gotland after Lake Bästeträsk. The surface of the lake is 44.1 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The lake was used as a landing site for seaplanes during the interwar period, such as the first regular passenger planes between Gotland and mainland Sweden 1933–39, and a stopover on the Stockholm/Lindarängen - Danzig line, serviced by the AB Aerotransport in 1925–26.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 1120s, a 170 by square timber platform was built in the middle of the lake. On the platform was a number of closely built wooden houses. The remnants of this construction, known as the Bulverket, are still present on the bottom of the lake. It is still not known why the bulwark was built.</p><br>
<p>The name Tingstäde is probably related to the thing that was located north of the Tingstäde Church close by the lake. The word träsk is an old Gutnish word for lake.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tingstäde is one of Gotland&#39;s most biologically diversified lakes. It contains pike, perch, ruffe, roach, bleak, tench, rudd and carp. There is also crayfish in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Bulverket is the remnants of a large wooden fortification or bulwark at Lake Tingstäde on the island of Gotland, Sweden. When built, it consisted of a platform with houses surrounded by a double palisade with the entire construction around 250 m in diameter.</p><br>
<p>According to a 1989 archeological survey, the structure was built in the 1130s and may have been used for less than a century. Although its original purpose is unknown, theories suggest it was either used as a shelter during the turbulent times on Gotland at the end of the Viking Age or that it was the site of a last stand.</p><br>
<p>Among the archeological finds at the Bulverket are the remains of three boats. One of these served as a model for the reconstruction of a Viking boat, the Krampmacken, in 1980. The Krampmacken has subsequently made several journeys following old Viking waterways through Eastern Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Bulverket originates from the old Swedish words bul, meaning "log", and verk which refers to something "built". It is related to the English word "bulwark", a form of fortification, as well as the Dutch bolwerk with the same meaning and the Swedish bålverk.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>It is likely that the Bulverket has been known to the local people for centuries, as thousands of logs can be seen through the water on a calm day, and it is also considered the best place for perch fishing on the lake. However, there is no oral lore regarding its construction, purpose, or fate. All that remains is a saying used in the northern part of Gotland that concerns large amounts of smoke: "There is smoke just like when Lake Tingstäde burned".(Det ryker som när Tingstäde träsk brann.)</p><br>
<p>The Bulverket was first mentioned in written sources in 1868, when Swedish archeologist Oscar Montelius wrote that naturalist and teacher Dr. Lindström discovered poles in Lake Tingstäde in 1866.</p><br>
<p>One of the recommended ways of seeing the Bulverket is during the winter, when the ice is smooth and clear and the lake is used for tour skating.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Bulverket is the remnants of a large wooden fortification or bulwark on the island of Gotland. It was raised in the middle of Lake Tingstäde, in the least accessible part of the lake. It has now collapsed and the logs are scattered over an area of 40,000 sqm. The main part of the Bulverket consisted of four piers on square caissons made of logs. The piers, 30 to 40 m wide, formed a square platform, each side of which was 170 m, with an open, but sheltered, water area in the middle. The platform was aligned so that each side faced one of the cardinal directions. On the platform were houses for people living on the Bulverket as well as storage sheds, and in the central part were landings for mooring boats. It is estimated that about 200 ships of the early Viking Age type could be moored there.</p><br>
<h3>Platform and palisade</h3><br>
<p>The platform was enclosed by two concentric circles of poles (or timber piles) driven into the bottom of the lake. In some parts, this outer defence stood as far as 50 m from the platform. The entire construction was about 250 m in diameter. The palisade and the platform had openings in the northwest part of the construction to allow boats in and out. Analysis of vertical posts show that the water surface is at approximately the same height when the Bulverket was built as it is today, but that the depth of the water has decreased due to sedimentation. The sedimentation layer is 0.5 to 1 m on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Bulverket was not surveyed and built as a single unit, but rather one caisson at a time. Some of these caissons were linked by making rectangular holes in the ends of the vertical logs, stacking the logs on top of each other and driving a horizontal pole about 20 x through the holes. The caissons were approximately 4 m high and covered with a flooring that rested 1 m above the water.</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>The houses were built using different methods such as post-and-plank, log house technique and palisade walls. Construction details found at the site indicates that the houses were approximately 3 x. A total of about 25,000 logs, mostly pine, were used to build the Bulverket. This equals approximately 50 hectare of forest. Studies of the construction show that it was built in a relatively short period of time, perhaps no less than a year. This would have required about 100 men to work on the site. Given the amount of organization needed for such a project and that the farms around Lake Tingstäde could not spare all of their workers for the construction, most of northern Gotland must have been involved in the work.</p><br>
<h2>Purpose</h2><br>
<p>Although the reason for the construction of the Bulverket is unknown, such a heavily fortified construction in the middle of a large lake suggests a place of refuge. The concept of such a building has no equivalent on Gotland or western Scandinavia, suggesting that it may have been influenced by Slavic or Baltic buildings. Different theories as to why this shelter was needed have been presented. At the beginning of the 12th century, pirates and lesser kings ravaged the Baltic Sea and the fortification may have been used as the site of a last stand in one of these battles. Many finds at the site indicate fishing and trade, and one theory is that it was a central trading and storage hub. Opposition to this theory points out that the fortification is too heavy for a simple trading post. During the time of the Bulverket, Gotland came under pressure from representatives of the new Christian religion, which climaxed with the island coming under the dominion of the diocese of Linköping. One theory is that it was built to make a stand against this tide of religious colonisation. Yet another theory has to do with the social upheaval that took place on Gotland at the end of the Viking Age. This was not a peaceful time, and Tingstäde was just as strategic then as it has been until the beginning of the 1900s. The chieftains on Gotland were at war and a shelter may have been needed by those avoiding the conflict., none of the theories have so far been confirmed.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological surveys</h2><br>
<p>Because of Lake Tingstäde&#39;s natural sedimentation the remains of the Bulverket are well preserved and the underwater archeological finds from the site are in very good condition. Even small juniper boughs placed on the ice by the carpenters to mark the layout of the Bulverket during its construction have been preserved. It is likely that the logs and timbers were cut during the winter and transported on the ice to the Bulverket.</p><br>
<h3>1921–1936</h3><br>
<p>Arvid Zetterling, born in Åtvidaberg on 29May 1865, was a Captain with the Gotland Artillery Regiment who saw the Bulverket when he went fishing on Lake Tingstäde. He became fascinated by the logs he saw on the bottom of the lake and made a small survey of the Bulverket in 1915. However, it was not until he retired and became a Major in the reserve in 1918 that he could undertake a more thorough examination of the structure. The first real archeological survey started in 1921, despite the fact that Zetterling lived in Hässleholm at that time. He retired completely from the military in 1932, to spend most of his time studying the Bulverket. In 1932–35, he rented lodgings at Furubjär Farm in Tingstäde, where he also founded a museum dedicated to the Bulverket. The museum closed when he died on 18January 1939.</p><br>
<p>Zetterling was an amateur archeologist with limited resources. He dredged the site using homemade tools, drew large parts of the Bulverket sitting on a tall chair, resembling that of a tennis umpire&#39;s, in the lake and through contacts had aerial photos taken of the site. Zetterling was probably the first in Sweden to use aerial photography in archeology. During the dredging, he found mostly different types of timber from the platform and houses, among these a wooden chest about 1 m long made from a log, a 4.5 x watering trough, a 5 m ladder, the remnants of two kinds of boats as well as some bronze objects, floats, hazelnuts and bones from cattle, sheep, pigs and fowls. He also found some fire-damaged timber and therefore concluded that a large part of the Bulverket had burned down. He compiled a 1:50 scale "Plan of the Bulverket".</p><br>
<h3>1989–1994</h3><br>
<p>The latest surveys of the Bulverket were done in 1989–1994 and led by Johan Rönnby. Among other things, a side-scan sonar was used to map the bottom of the lake. Stratigraphic surveys were made of an area of 27 by in the south part of the site and 20 core samples were taken in different parts of the site. No dark earth was found, indicating that the construction was not used as a habitation for long. Neither were any traces of fire found, suggesting that if there was a fire, it must have been a relatively small one that did not destroy the entire Bulverket. An alternative hypothesis suggests that the construction became unstable and was abandoned before it finally collapsed.</p><br>
<p>Dendrochronological and Carbon-14 examinations shows that the Bulverket was built in the 1130s, and archeologists are trying to ascertain how long it was in use. The current estimates are a few years up to a century.</p><br>
<h2>Bulverket boat</h2><br>
<p>During the survey in the 1920s, pieces of three different boats were found at the Bulverket then in the 1990 survey additional pieces of the largest of these came to light. A total of 29 pieces of the boat were found, but since many vital parts of it were missing, it is not possible to determine the vessel&#39;s exact measurements. It is estimated that the boat was approximately 8 m long, 2 m wide and had a draft of 0.8 m. It was clinker built, double-ended with a mast, probably with a</p><br>
<p>square rig and side rudder. The construction of the boat was a common Viking style, the same design used for the longships and was probably used for fishing and the day-to-day activities on the lake.</p><br>
<p>The boat had a T-shaped keel, probably seven frames and six strakes joined with wooden pegs. This and the positioning of the mast in a hole in one of the frames, suggests influences from Slavic boatbuilding techniques. It is built in the tradition going back to the Hjortspring boat (400-300 BC) and is compared to the boats from Danzig-Ohra 2, Skuldelev 6 and Valsgärde 2.</p><br>
<p>Carbon-14 dating of the boat was carried out in 1975 by the laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, which dated it to around 1200. This posed a problem since the boat would have been used by the inhabitants of the fortification, but the rest of the Bulverket was dated to the 1130s. It was later explained that the remnants of the boat were treated with linseed oil and alum in the 1930s, as part of the conservation process, and this may have distorted the results. Further examination of the wood showed that the boats were made of pine. The pieces of the boat were kept in the Swedish History Museum until 1975, when they were moved to the Maritime Museum for complete documentation.</p><br>
<h3>Krampmacken</h3><br>
<p>In 1979–80, the Krampmacken, a reconstruction of a Viking boat, was built based on the Bulverket boat. One of the initiators of the project was archeologist and director of the Gotlandic department of Swedish National Heritage Board (RAGU), Erik Nylén. It was named after the Gutnish word for the common Baltic shrimp, Palaemon adspersus: "krampmack", since the shape of the boat resembled a small shrimp.</p><br>
<p>The boat is 8 x, has six oars and is manned by a crew of eleven people. While the hull is based on the Bulverket boat, the sail is patterned after sails depicted on Gotlandic picture stones. Krampmacken has in turn been used a model for other reconstructed Viking ships such as Nöiriven (1990), Aifur (1992), Thor Viking (1994) and Langsvaige (1997).</p><br>
<p>In 1983–85, the Krampmacken sailed from Gotland, via the Vistula and Danube rivers to the Black Sea and Istanbul, which was called Micklagård by the Swedish Vikings. In 1995–97, a journey was made following the Caucasus rivers all the way to Baku on the Caspian Sea. Following these expeditions, several other reconstructed Viking ships have made journeys on the rivers of Eastern Europe.</p><br>
<p>Beverly Ranch is a historic orange grove located at 923 West Fern Avenue in Redlands, California. Will and Elizabeth Eddy established the grove in 1888; after Wills death, Elizabeth married John Fisk, and the couple built the groves main house in 1890. The couple was one of the many wealthy immigrant families from the East Coast who owned Southern California orange groves in the late 1800s. While citrus groves were ubiquitous at the time, Beverly Ranch is one of the few which is still in operation.</p><br>
<p>Architect Corydon B. Bishop designed the groves Queen Anne house. The two-story redwood house has an asymmetrical plan with a multi-component roof. A wraparound front porch at the main entrance features a balustrade, turned posts, and decorative bracketing. The upper stories of the house feature shingle siding, several balconies, more brackets on the cornice, and cresting along the roofs gables.</p><br>
<p>The grove was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 11, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Poondi Lake or Sathyamoorthy reservoir is the reservoir across Kotralai River in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu State. It acts as the important water source for Chennai city which is 60 km away.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Poondi Reservoir (later named as Sathyamoorthy Sagar) was constructed in 1944 across the Kosathalaiyar River or Kotralai River in Thiruvallur district with a capacity of 2573 Mcft and placed in service for intercepting and storing Kosathalaiyar River water. Surplus water flows down the river which is again intercepted by Tamaraipakkam Anicut and diverted to Sholavaram Lake and Puzhal lake. (A lined canal known as Poondi Canal was later constructed in 1972 to convey water from Poondi Reservoir to Sholavaram Lake). This reservoir was constructed at the cost of Rupees 65 lakhs. Satyamurti who is remembered today as the political mentor of Kumaraswami Kamaraj, who was the Chief Minister of the State between 1954-1963. Because of his strong devotion to Satyamurti, Kamaraj got the Poondi reservoir named after Satyamurti.</p><br>
<p>The original complex of Oondreswarar Temple is believed to have been built by Cholas, while the present masonry structure was built during the 16th century. The temple was moved to the current location in 1942 to ease the construction of the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>1972: Construction of lined channel</h2><br>
<p>The construction of a lined channel from Poondi to Tamaraipakkam for a length of 15 km. to convey water from Poondi to Tamaraipakkam was completed in 1972 to reduce the transmission loss. The combined capacities of Sholavaram and Redhills lakes were increased by 700 Mcft by raising the lake bunds. Thus, the combined storage capacity of Poondi, Sholavaram and Redhills was increased to 6296 Mcft (Poondi: 2573 + Cholavaram: 881 + Redhills: 2842). The irrigation rights of Sholavaram lake and Redhills lake were acquired in 1962 and the entire storage was made available for the City supply.</p><br>
<h2>Telugu Ganga Project</h2><br>
<p>An agreement was signed jointly by Governments of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on April 14, 1976 to spare 15 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) of Krishna water to Chennai city. Following this, an accord between Andhra Pradesh Government and Tamil Nadu Government was signed for Telugu Ganga project on April 18, 1983 for drawing 15 TMC of Krishna water to Chennai City from Sri Sailam Reservoir to be conveyed through Somaseela and Kandaleru Reservoirs and ultimately a net quantity of 12 TMC (after loss of 3 TMC en route in evaporation and seepage) will reach the Tamil Nadu border.</p><br>
<p>Initial works for supplying water under this scheme were completed in 1996 and from September 1996, water is received at Poondi Reservoir from Kandaleru Reservoir in Andhra Pradesh through 152 km. long open canal up to Tamil Nadu Border near Uthukottai. Then, the water is conveyed through 25 km. long open canal to Poondi Reservoir. From Poondi Reservoir, water is transferred to Redhills and Chembarambakkam Lakes through Link/Feeder canals and supplied to city after treatment.</p><br>
<h2>2008-2009: Construction of pump houses</h2><br>
<p>Nearly 35 Million Litres per Day (MLD) of water, which was being wasted due to evaporation during transfer from Poondi to Red Hills, will soon be available to city residents, and 40,530 new water connections are likely to be given because of it. A water pumping house in Poondi, inaugurated on Wednesday by deputy chief minister M K Stalin, will make this possible.</p><br>
<p>The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) supplies around 650 MLD of water everyday, and the Poondi reservoir is one of the major sources of water. Currently, water from Poondi is being carried by means of an open canal to Cholavaram and from there to Red Hills. Nearly 35 MLD of water is wasted due to evaporation. With CMWSSB transferring the water directly from the Poondi reservoir to Red Hills through a closed pipeline running to about 47 km, there will be no wastage of water.The pumping station was constructed to increase the force of water sent through the canal. A 45-km pipeline was installed five years ago and we added two kilometres extra under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). Now, the water will directly reach the Red Hills treatment plant and there will be no wastage.</p><br>
<h2>2015: Heavy rainfall in the month of November and December</h2><br>
<p>The northeast monsoon brought heavy rainfall from Deepavalli causing the huge flow of water in Poondi Reservoir and from its surroundings. On 16 November 2015 the Poondi reservoirs, bone-dry until a fortnight ago, were filled to the brim, which led to consternation among residents of localities nearby areas. Huge inflows are recorded in Poondi reservoir. Chennai Metro Water said that Poondi is getting an inflow of over 6,000 cusecs of water from Kosasthalaiyar river on 17 November 2015. On 01 December 2015 the northeast monsoon brought heavy rainfall of 40mm and causing the inflow of 34,887(cusecs) and outflow of 36,484(cusecs), which was the highest inflow and outflow of water ever seen before on 3 December 2015.</p><br>
<h2>See more</h2><br>
<p>Sholavaram lake</p><br>
<p>Puzhal lake</p><br>
<p>Krishna River</p><br>
<p>Chembarambakkam lake</p><br>
<p>Kapra lake or Oora Cheruvu is a lake located in the Kapra municipality near Sainikpuri in the north-east part of Greater Hyderabad. Length of its bund is measured at 1254 Meters.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>There are two feeder channels, two sluices, and two surplus courses for the Kapra Lake, this lake being part of a chain of water bodies, wherein the surplus course of the upper water body flows down into the lower water body. Thus, the Kapra Lake is intimately linked in the chain of the R.K. Puram lake, the Annanarayan Cheruvu of Nagaram and the Yadi Bai Gunta of Yellareddy Guda.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A decade back this lake was deemed pristine and pollution free but it is now marked as polluted and susceptible to encroachments by the GHMC. According to survey conducted in 2002, the area of the lake was 113 acres but due to land encroachments, area is reduced to 70 acres. A part of the Kapra Lake stands encroached for the past few years and the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation recently listed 25 structures as encroachments of the Karpra Lake liable for demolition, including Sri Venkateshwara Temple. Out of the original 50 FTL pillars fixed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and the Hyderabad Lake Management Circle of the Irrigation Department, 13 pillars stand disturbed and removed by the encroachers. Efforts are underway to re-fix the missing pillars in order to prevent further encroachments. As a part of the citizens&#39; initiative to protect the Kapra Lake, a rudimentary Lake Protection Body has been formed but it has largely remained ineffective. In 2017, there were reports of Kapra lake choked by illegal construction.</p><br>
<p>The Massís de l&#39;Ardenya, also known as Massís de Cadiretes after the main range in the mountainous area, is a massif in the Costa Brava region, Catalonia, Spain.</p><br>
<p>The Ardenya Massif is part of the Catalan Coastal Range. The highest point is 519 m high Puig de les Cadiretes or Puig Cadiretes. Other important summits are Montagut (505 m), Montllor (470 m), Ruïra (444 m), and Puig de les Cols (416 m).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ardenya Massif is a quite compact mountainous terrain, granitic between the craggy portion near the sea and the forested plains to the west, the highest point of which is Puig Cadiretes (519 metres). The mountain ranges run broadly in a north-east / south-west direction and consist mostly of granite rock.</p><br>
<p>The ranges meet the sea between Sant Feliu de Guixols and Lloret de Mar, running westwards far as Caldes de Malavella. Most mountains are covered in occasionally dense forests of cork oak, holm oak, pine and Mediterranean shrub. The valleys are irrigated by seasonal mountain streams subject to the typically Mediterranean climate. However, the nature of the terrain favours up welling of water throughout the year, along with humidity and precipitation caused by the screen effect of the mountains before the marine winds. The botanic species, as well as the fauna show some Eurosiberian and Atlantic influences.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>The lArdenya-Cadiretes massif is a natural area that occupies almost the whole of Tossa de Mar municipality and part of Sant Feliu, Santa Cristina dAro, Llagostera, Vidreres, Caldes de Malavella and Lloret de Mar. A particularly rugged section of the coast, more than six kilometres in length, is also a protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Subranges</h2><br>
<p>The Cadiretes Massif is the main range of the Ardenya Massif. Other ranges are the LArdenya Massif proper, Carcaixells den Dalmau, Muntanyes de Llobatera, Muntanya den Bonet, Serra de les Comes and Serra dAiguafina.</p><br>
<p>The Rectory on the island of Rota in the Northern Mariana Islands is a rare example of transitional Spanish-Japanese architecture in the archipelago, now a United States commonwealth. It was built about 1930, during the South Pacific Mandate period of Japanese administration, when the native Chamorro people were displaced to this area by workers imported by the Japanese to work in the sugar fields. The rectory is an L-shaped concrete structure measuring 13.7 x, and originally had a wood-framed second floor and roof. Although only the concrete frame remains, elements such as its massive steps and window placement are typical of the earlier Spanish period, while decorative elements such as its porch columns and window opening details are distinctly Japanese.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Shady Lake Recreation Area is a campground and public recreation area in southwestern Ouachita National Forest, southwest of Mena, Arkansas and west of Glenwood, Arkansas. The area is oriented around Shady Lake, a body of water on the South Fork Saline River impounded by a dam built c. 1940 by the Civilian Conservation Corps . The area is administered by the United States Forest Service .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Shady Lake is located in central western Arkansas, on the southern fringe of Ouachita National Forest, about 30 mi west of Glenwood. The lake itself is roughly crescent-shaped and was created in 1935 with the assistance of enrollees from the CCC, particularly by members from Company 742 stationed at Camp F-4 (situated within the community of Shady). The dam measures 130 ft long and 40 ft high across the Saline River. The dam, along with seven other CCC-built structures, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The developed facilities are located on the north side of the lake, and include four camping loops, an swimming area, fishing pier, amphitheater, and other recreational facilities. Comfort facilities consist of 50 camping units including 19 units with water and electricity and one with full hookups, bathroom facilities with warm-water showers, and flush toilets. A central feature of the beach area is its CCC-built bathhouse, a rustic log structure with novelty siding, which includes changing areas at the ends and an open picnic area in the middle. A second CCC-built picnic shelter is located north of the dock.</p><br>
<p>Other CCC-built structures in the recreation area include the diving platform, amphitheater, caretaker&#39;s house, and two stone bridges. The first bridge crosses the South Fork on the forest road east of the lake, and is a stone arch structure built over a metal culvert. The second bridge carries part of the campground loop road across East Fork, just north of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Miller Chapel is the spiritual center of the Princeton Theological Seminary and has been in continuous use since its completion in 1834. It was built by renowned local architect and builder Charles Steadman in stuccoed brick with a simple Doric portico. As the chapel of the oldest Presbyterian Seminary in the United States, the building has been home to many of the most important Presbyterian theologians, including the great figures of the Princeton Theology. The narthex has plaques that honor Samuel Miller, after whom the chapel is named, Charles Hodge, Archibald Alexander Hodge, Caspar Wistar Hodge, Sr., and B. B. Warfield.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The chapel originally faced Mercer Street to the east and slightly behind Alexander Hall. It was designed in the Reformed tradition with one worship space, unifying the choir, congregants, and clergy, and with a central pulpit, emphasizing the proclamation of the Word of God. Originally a twin building was planned so as to flank Alexander Hall with Greek Revival buildings in the same way Nassau Hall was flanked by the original Whig and Clio Halls.</p><br>
<p>An 1874 renovation added Victorian stained glass windows and an organ, moving away from the traditional Reformed aversion to instruments in worship. In 1933 a more substantial renovation by Delano & Aldrich moved the chapel so as to face the interior of the campus, serving as the cornerstone of two squares, bounded by Alexander and Hodge Halls to the north and Stuart and Brown Halls in the south. The renovation also enlarged the building and removed the Victorian windows so as to restore a more simple appearance, consistent with the Seminary&#39;s Reformed heritage. Later renovations took place in 1964 and 2000. The chapel is home to the Joe R. Engle Organ, given to the Seminary in 2000. In addition to daily services the chapel hosts a variety of concerts during the course of the year. Weddings in the chapel are limited to those where either the bride, groom, or parent of either, is a student, graduate, trustee, or employee of the seminary.</p><br>
<p>Randles Hill is a hill located in the suburb of Mulgampola in Kandy, Sri Lanka.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Randles Hill received its name when Sir John Scurrah Randles (1875 - 1945) generously donated the money (Rs. 50,000) through the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society to purchase a significant land parcel, for the relocation and construction of Kingswood College. Randles was a prominent Methodist, English parliamentarian and philanthropist. Randless significant gift came as a result of a visit to the district by Rev. William Goudie (1857 - 1922) and Mr Robert Simpson, a prominent member of the laymens missionary movement, who on return to England convinced Randles of the benefit of such a contribution. Randles subsequently donated a further Rs. 180,626 to the construction of the college buildings. The area was named as Randles Hill by the founder of Kingswood College, Mr L. E. Blaze.</p><br>
<h2>Randles Hill Railway Station</h2><br>
<p>Randles Hill Railway Station is the second school based railway station in Sri Lanka. The first such railway station is at Richmond Hill, which services Rippon College and Richmond College in Galle.</p><br>
<p>The Randles Hill station is actually a railway halt located on the Matale Line, close to the level crossing at Mulgampola, between Peradeniya Junction and Kandy railway station.</p><br>
<p>Stillfried Castle  - the former residence of the aristocratic Stillfried family, whose members were barons, built at the end of the 14th century, however the earliest record of the castle comes from 1352. The castle was burned down by the Hussites. The residence was expanded into a castle in 1536-1550, 1593, 1633–1645 and 1675–1677, during the ownership of the Stillfrieds. The current square formation was built in between 1700 and 1730 to the design of the famous Italian architect Andrea Carove. During which the tower was deconstructed. The castle was largely reconstructed in 1796; when the castle&#39;s defences and nearby living quarters were deconstructed. The castle changed owners up until 1819, when the residence was used as an Evangelist rectory up until 1868. Since the 1880s, the castle was used as the headquarters of the KWK ; after 1945 the castle was used as its directory in between 1954 and 1975 for the Nowa Ruda Powiat. Up until 2001, the castle was housed the, HMO. When since 2004 the castle became private.</p><br>
<p>Nike Missile Site C-47 is a former missile site near Portage, Indiana. The Nike defense system was a Cold War-era missile system in the United States. Nike missiles were radar guided, supersonic antiaircraft missiles. The planners hoped that Nike would make a direct attack on the USA so costly as to be futile.</p><br>
<h2>Facility</h2><br>
<h2>Chicago–Gary Defense Area</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago defensive area, one of the larger in the nation, had about 20 bases ringing metropolitan Chicago. Due to the relatively short range of the first generation Nike missiles bases had to be close to the area they protected.</p><br>
<p>The Army began to buy land and build sites in the early 1950s. The basic system was operational by 1954. Newer Nike missiles extended the capability of the rings. The "Hercules" were nuclear capable and could destroy fleets of Soviet bombers over a wide area. These were deployed at a few selected sites. The Hercules could reach Soviet airspace to intercept aircraft. Hercules missiles had the potential to be used against ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles). C-47 was one of the first Nike sites to receive the Hercules missiles.</p><br>
<h2>Related sites</h2><br>
<p>C-32 Nike 3B/12H, 20A/12L-U</p><br>
<p>Porter, Indiana - Redeveloped for the offices of the National Park Service Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The launch site is a half-mile west. It is fenced, behind a locked gate, although largely intact. Privately owned, and overgrown.</p><br>
<p>C-44 Nike 2B, 4C/60A/24L-AA</p><br>
<p>Hegewisch /Wolf Lake, Illinois (dual site) - Abandoned and overgrown at the south end of recreation area. The access road entrance is at Ave J & 133 Street largely obliterated. The launch site is also abandoned. It is on the north shore of the lake, where S. Wolf Lake Blvd. becomes S. State Line Rd. The buildings are gone but foundations remain.</p><br>
<p>C-45 Nike 2B/20A/8L-A</p><br>
<p>Gary Municipal Airport, Indiana - Redeveloped area at the north tip of the airport. A general aviation hangar, parking lot and ramp area for aircraft parking were created. The former launch site is across Industrial Highway. The launch site was razed but remnants are still visible.</p><br>
<p>C-46 Nike 1B, 1C/12H, 20A/12L-U, (8L-H)</p><br>
<p>Munster, Indiana - Redeveloped into an industrial park. It is on the west side of Calumet Ave. N of 45th St. The launch site is on west side of Columbia Ave. It was razed in 2008, now in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>C-48 Nike 2B/20A/8L-A</p><br>
<p>Gary, Indiana - Redeveloped and abandoned from as an automobile dealership on Grant Street. The launch site was redeveloped into commercial/industrial site near NW corner of 35th Avenue and Grant Street.</p><br>
<h2>Discontinuance</h2><br>
<p>The Nike system protected the United States until 1972. The bases were closed in accord with the SALT treaty limits, and the onset of "détente".</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>To be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, Nike sites should be exceptional historically and retain a high degree of integrity, including all three major components: (1) administration, (2) radar, and (3) launch functions.</p><br>
<p>There are fifteen Nike sites in Illinois that are part of the Chicago-Gary Defense Area. Several have some buildings and launch areas. C-84 Palatine, Illinois was the last substantial site to be redeveloped. Five of the bases in the Chicago ring were in Indiana. C-47 is the only site to retain all three functions. A few buildings remain at several of the bases in Indiana. The National Park Service uses several buildings from a base near the Chellberg Farm for offices and service buildings at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. As elsewhere, they are remnants of bases, not complete units. The early use of nuclear missiles on the site furthermore makes C-47 rare and exceptional site.</p><br>
<h2>Missile on display.</h2><br>
<p>A Nike Ajax and Hercules are on display in front of the VFW post in Cedar Lake, Indiana</p><br>
<p>A Nike Ajax is on display near the Toledo Rockets Glass Bowl Stadium on the campus of the University of Toledo in Toledo, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Districts and Structures</h2><br>
<p>David Garland Rose House</p><br>
<p>DeForest Skinner House Built in 1860, it is of Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic Built in 1906, this house served Dr. Loring as a home and a business.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Hall Built in 1875 as Flint Hall, to day, it is part of the Law School.</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Lutheran Church In 1862by a German congregation, the church is today known as Heritage Lutheran Church.</p><br>
<p>Josephus Wolf House, outside of city limits, with Valparaiso address.</p><br>
<p>Porter County Jail and Sheriff&#39;s House The residence was built in 1860 and the jail was added in 1871. Today, the Historical Society of Porter County has the County Museum in the Jail.</p><br>
<p>Porter County Memorial Opera Hall The Memorial Opera House opened in 1893 as a monument to the men who served during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District</p><br>
<p>Samur-Yalama National Park is a national park of Azerbaijan. It was established by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, on November 5, 2012 within the territory of Khachmaz Rayon administrative districts. Its surface area is 11,772.45 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s goal is preservation of the biological and genetic diversity of several unique natural areas, as well as the historical-cultural objects of the region. In addition eco-tourism and recreation is aimed to be developed. Some tourist routes start in Yalama.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The largest portion of the park is in the Caspian coastal zone, which is heavily forested. Several landscapes can be found: littoral landscapes, wooded landscapes, forest-bush landscapes, bushes and arid steppe landscapes. There are four climate zones, with different amounts of rainfall: in the coastal zones less than 350 mm, and in the inland zones more than 450 mm. The soil varies form very sandy to very clayed.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The dominant tree species are chestnut oak and Persian ironwood.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Some characteristic species are black kite, eastern imperial eagle, otter, reed cat, lynx, chamois, Caspian red deer and brown bear.</p><br>
<p>In the coastal waters belonging to the national park, stellate sturgeon, brown trout, eel, pikeperch and Caspian kutum can be found.</p><br>
<p>The Nanyō Kōhatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Sugar Mill is a former industrial facility in the village of Songsong on the island of Rota in the Northern Mariana Islands. Its ruins are a significant reminder of the South Pacific Mandate period, when Imperial Japan engaged in large-scale sugar cane farming in the Northern Marianas, and are the only brick structure in the Northern Marianas. The sugar mill on Rota was one of the major installations of the Nanyō Kōhatsu Kabushiki Kaisha, the Japanese company responsible for economic development of the mandate area. The remnants of this sugar mill, all that survived the Allied capture of Rota during World War II, are located on the north side of the peninsula that projects southwest from Songsong, and consist of fragments of brick and concrete structures. The most impressive single element is a brick and concrete tunnel 42.5 m long, from which openings lead to the locations of other parts of the once-extensive complex.</p><br>
<p>The mill site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Becca di Nona  is a peak in the Graian Alps of the Aosta Valley in north-western Italy. Together with Monte Emilius, it is one of the main mountains visible from Aosta looking southwards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This mountain was known in the past as Pic de douze heures, that is to say "12 p.m. peak" in French, as the sun stands right on top of it at noon.</p><br>
<p>In 1857, the Aostan mountaineer and doctor Laurent Cerise nominated it Pic Carrel, to dedicate it to Georges Carrel, but his proposal was not accepted.</p><br>
<p>The hagiography of St Anselm written by his chaplain Eadmer records that, when he was a child, he had a mystical vision of God and his court on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>At the top is a cast iron statue of St. Mary. Every year a running race, the Becca di Nona Skyrace or Skyrace Ville d&#39;Aoste, is organized starting from Émile Chanoux square in Aosta, arriving to the peak and returning to the city.</p><br>
<p>Stewart Run is a tributary of the West Branch Octoraro Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.9 mi long and flows through Colerain Township and East Drumore Township.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Stewart Run rises in a small valley and flows west. It passes under US Route 222 near Solanco High School before turning southwest. The stream receives two small unnamed tributaries from the right and turns south for several tenths of a mile. It receives an unnamed tributary from the left. It turns southwest and receives another tributary from the left before its confluence with West Branch Octoraro Creek.</p><br>
<p>Stewart Run joins the West Branch Octoraro Creek 6.15 mi upriver of its mouth.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Stewart Run is 358 ft above sea level. The elevation of the creek&#39;s source is between 660 and above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The stream&#39;s watershed is part of the Piedmont region, characterized by rolling hills. The lower 2 mi of the stream is designated a Scenic River.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Stewart Run has an area of 5.87 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stewart Run was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1188650.</p><br>
<h2>Biology and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Theodore A. Parker III Natural Area, a 100-acre park named after the famed ornithologist, is adjacent to the creek. Several hiking trails in the park follow the creek. Fishing is allowed within designated seasons. Stewart Run supports flora including trout lilies, violets, mayapple, club mosses, ground pine, ferns and lichens. Animals in the watershed include birds, deer, raccoons, opossums, and brown and brook trout.</p><br>
<p>Temple Baptist Church/King Solomon Baptist Church consists of two buildings at the intersection of Fourteenth Avenue and Marquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. The original church, which later became known as the Educational and Recreation Building, is a Tudor Revival structure built by architect J. Will Wilson in 1917, then remodeled and made into classrooms and office space by 1940. The second building, also known as the Main Auditorium, is an Art Deco building constructed in 1937 and remains largely unchanged. The buildings are now owned by King Solomon Missionary Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The church was first known as the Fourteenth Avenue Baptist Church when it opened in 1917; it was part of the Fourteenth Avenue Baptist Society, founded in 1892. In 1921 the Fourteenth Avenue Baptist Society merged with the Grand River Avenue Baptist Church; the combined church became Temple Baptist Church. The congregation consisted mostly of white southerners who had moved to Detroit seeking employment. In 1934 Temple Baptist Church invited leading fundamentalist Rev. J. Frank Norris to serve as pastor. In 1950, after internal feuding, George Beauchamp Vick briefly served as pastor. (This is an error. Dr. George Beauchamp Vick was pastor of this church as it made the move to West Chicago in Redford, MI and remained pastor well into the 1970s.)</p><br>
<p>King Solomon Baptist Church, founded in 1926, purchased the Temple Baptist Church buildings in 1951. The Main Auditorium, with a capacity of over 5,000 people, was at the time the largest African American-owned auditorium in Detroit. The church was an important location to the Civil Rights Movement, as it was an early member of the Progressive National Baptist Convention and the site of that bodys second annual conference. It served as the location of Malcolm Xs 1963 "Message to the Grass Roots" address, one of his most influential speeches. Numerous guests, including Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph D. Abernathy, and Benjamin Mays, also gave talks there.</p><br>
<p>Świny Castle  - formerly a gord, as a stronghold existed in its location already in the fifth century - securing the Lubawecki mountain pass, the site was recorded in Cosmas documents from 1108, where the gord is recorded as Suini in Poloniae. Possibly, soon after, the gord had been expanded into a military stronghold, at which time it was the seat of the castellans. The castle was mentioned in Pope Adrian IVs Papal bull. After the Bolków Castle was constructed, the castle began to lose its significance, this continued up to the nineteenth century, when the castle suffered severe damage due to hurricanes . The castle suffered further devastation - it was not until 1931 when the authorities had engaged in securing the castle&#39;s ruins. Currently the castle is privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The Mortimer Webster House is a historic house in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States, constructed 1865–1866. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for being one of the best examples of Italianate architecture in Stillwater, and for its association with Mortimer Webster, one of the town&#39;s notable early entrepreneurs.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mortimer Webster house is a two-story, wood frame house originally built as a cube with a rooftop cupola. Initially there were porches extending across the front and rear façades. A one-story wing was added to the rear around 1900.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mortimer Webster was born in Owego, New York, in 1836. He worked as a house painter in the region before heading west in his late teens. Following stops in Hudson and New Richmond, Wisconsin, he and his brother William arrived in Stillwater in the summer of 1856 and established a painting business. In 1860 Webster transferred his livelihood to livery services and real estate. By 1866 he was concentrating exclusively on real estate, and had prospered enough to commission this fine house on a bluff overlooking the town. By the end of the decade he had platted two additions to Stillwater and by 1881 had significant interests in lots in the area as well as in Fargo, Dakota Territory.</p><br>
<p>435 Broadway-43.jpgView from the Mortimer Webster House&#39;s cupola</p><br>
<p>435 Broadway-62.jpgStaircase</p><br>
<p>435 Broadway-77.jpgLiving room</p><br>
<p>435 Broadway-84.jpgDining room (added in the early 20th century)</p><br>
<p>Teutonic Castle in Świecie  - a partial ruin located in Świecie. The partial ruin is kept in full-shape from the bank of the river Vistula and Wda - together with a circular tower topped with merlons. The castle is part of a complex built by the Teutonic Knights in the Gothic architectural style. The castle was built on the site of a Pomeranian dukes&#39; gord - located by the site of the castle. Formerly the castle had four corner towers, one of which survived. The castle is surrounded by a defensive wall and a moat. In 1410 the castle was looted by Polish forces obliterated the castle. The castle was owned by the Kingdom of Poland after the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466. In the sixteenth century, Castellan Konopacki reconstructed the castle into the Renaissance architectural style. The castle was devastated after the Deluge and since then was not rebuilt. The castle was furthermore devastated after Prussian forces used the castle as training grounds. Currently the castle houses a museum, with the tower and castle renovated.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pierrway is a mountain in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located near the headwaters of the Clearwater River. Situated in the Cariboo Mountains, part of the Columbia Mountains, it is the fifth-highest mountain in Wells Gray Provincial Park with an elevation of 2,854 m. Mount Pierrway lies on the boundary between Wells Gray Provincial Park and Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pierrway was first climbed on August 13, 1969 by Art Maki and Art Wilder, "from camp east of the Park boundary, via East Pierrway Glacier, up highly crevassed glacier to col, then climbed north summit and followed ridge to the extreme south end which is the highest summit." The second ascent was achieved on May 19, 1987 by a British Columbia Mountaineering Club ski party consisting of Brian Gavin, Malcolm MacFadyen, Colin Oloman, Mary Prendergast, Brian Thompson, Gavin Thurston, and Ross Wyborn. The third ascent was by Bill McKenzie and Roger Wallis from the Alpine Club of Canada, on August 17, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pierrway was named in 1966 in honor of Canadian Army Private Alfred Pierrway, K 601413, from Quesnel, British Columbia. He was serving as a gunner with the Royal Canadian Artillery when he was killed in action on July 12, 1942, at age 22. Five other neighbouring peaks were named at the same time for Canadian soldiers from the Quesnel area who were killed during World War II: Mount Goodall, Mount Winder, Mount Beaman, Mount Hogg, and Mount Aves.</p><br>
<p>Wells Gray Parks highest mountain is 4.9 km west of Mount Pierrway. Its elevation is 2,946 m and it is currently unnamed. The first climbers are unknown, but a cairn was left with no record of the ascent. It was discovered by Bill McKenzie and Roger Wallis who claimed the second ascent on August 18, 2005. The Parks highest unclimbed mountain is 3.7 km WSW of Pierrway, elevation 2,847 m.</p><br>
<p>Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building is a heritage-listed former shire hall at 73 Edmond Street, Marburg, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1913 by Anton Jendrachowski. It is also known as Rosewood Shire Council Branch Office, Rosewood Shire Council Office, and Walloon Shire Council Office & Meeting Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This small timber building was erected in mid-1913 as offices and meeting place for the Walloon Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>Although the town of Walloon (on the Ipswich-Granchester railway line) was established in the 1860s, Marburg, established in the late 1870s in the centre of the Rosewood Scrub district, proved the natural administrative centre for local government. The Walloon Divisional Board, proclaimed in 1879, initially met at the Plains paddock, then at Woodlands (TL Smith&#39;s Marburg residence), and then at premises in Marburg. In 1903 the Walloon Divisional Board became the Walloon Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 the council, whose Marburg office was considered beyond repair, petitioned the Queensland Lands Commissioner to grant part of the ungazetted Marburg water reserve for the purpose of erecting new council offices. That part of the reserve fronting Edmund Street was favoured, as it was centrally located and close to the railway terminus, which had reached Marburg late in 1911. Executive authority to reserve the site was granted early in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called in March 1913, and the two-roomed premises were constructed the following June by Marburg contractor Anton Jendrachowski, with a contract price of £126. The main room at the front was used for council meetings and the reception of ratepayers on council business. The smaller room at the rear served as the Shire Clerk&#39;s office, storage for council documents, and a strong-room. The Walloon Shire Council met in their new premises for the first time on 7 July 1913.</p><br>
<p>The building functioned as the shire offices and meeting place of the Walloon Shire Council until early in 1917, when the Shire of Walloon Shire was abolished and divided between Rosewood Shire and Ipswich Shire (later Moreton Shire), with Marburg falling within Rosewood Shire. The last meeting of the Walloon Shire Council was conducted in the Marburg Shire Hall on 8 February 1917. Rosewood Shire Council maintained the Marburg building as a branch shire office for some time, possibly into the 1920s, during the peak of Marburg&#39;s 20th century development.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Country Women&#39;s Association leased the building from 1932 until, when the Marburg CWA went into recess and the building was used as the headquarters of the local War Comforts Fund. The CWA renewed their occupancy in 1946, and remained in the building into the 1970s. Concomitantly, the building has served as the meeting place for a variety of community clubs, societies and organisations, in particular the Marburg Scouts Group, and later the Marburg Progress Association. Currently, it is leased by the Rosewood Scrub Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This small, single-storeyed weatherboard building with a corrugated iron gable roof, fronts Edmond Street to the south and is located adjacent to the former Queensland National Bank and First World War memorial (Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial).</p><br>
<p>The building has timber stumps and a verandah to the south with a single-skin exposed framed south wall with central, double entry doors. The verandah has a curved corrugated iron awning, timber posts, cross-braced balustrade and central stair.</p><br>
<p>The east and west elevations have a single sash window with a metal hood, and the north has a central timber door accessed via a timber ramp.</p><br>
<p>Also on the site is a masonry public toilet block to the southeast of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building, erected in 1913, is important in demonstrating the evolution of local government in the Marburg district, and the way in which local government functioned in a small Queensland country town in the early part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Marburg community, in particular the building&#39;s form, scale and materials, and its contribution to the streetscape of Edmond Street and to the Marburg townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It is part of an historic precinct in the centre of Marburg, which includes also the adjacent former Queensland National Bank and First World War memorial and the Marburg Hotel which is valued by the Marburg and district community for social and cultural reasons.</p><br>
<p>Marburg Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Edmond Street, Marburg, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marburg Hotel, initially single-storeyed, was erected probably early in 1881 for Marburg farmer and Walloon publican, Weigand Raabe. The 0.81 hectare site was registered in his wifes name in mid-1880; a mortgage of £180 was taken out in January 1881; and by June 1881 races and sports were being held at Weigand Raabes Marburg Hotel. It was among the first buildings in the town, and was the first hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Marburg district was developed principally by German settlers, who in the early 1870s cleared farms from the dense Rosewood Scrub. By late 1885 the district supported a population of approximately 5,000, and the town boasted a Court House, School of Arts, primary school, two hotels and electricity supplied from TL Smith&#39;s Woodlands sawmill.</p><br>
<p>Following Weigand Raabe&#39;s death in 1883, the hotel was placed under trusteeship. In mid-1884 Auguste Raabe, his widow, renewed the hotel license, and married Otto Sakrzewski, a Marburg storekeeper and carpenter, who then held the license from mid-1885 until mid-1887. Thomas Mortimer was licensee from mid-1887 until mid-1890, at which time Sakrzewski was appointed trustee and renewed the license. Sakrzewski raised a £600 mortgage on the property in 1890, and the second storey may have been added then.</p><br>
<p>The Sakrzewski family held the license until 1921, and the freehold remained theirs until 1925, having been sold to Ottos brother, Albert. The hotel then passed through several owners, lessees and licensees until purchased by Queensland Brewery Ltd in 1936. It has remained Marburgs sole hotel since 1947. In 1986 the freehold was acquired by the Bowden family, who have been licensees of the Marburg Hotel since.</p><br>
<p>The Marburg Hotel remains one of the oldest buildings in the town. It has operated continuously as an hotel since 1881, and was a highway landmark and popular stopping place for travellers from 1923 to 1969, when the Brisbane-Toowoomba highway passed through Marburg.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed timber building, with a corrugated iron hipped roof, is located on the corner of Queen and Edmond Streets in the centre of Marburg, opposite the former Queensland National Bank and First World War memorial (now the Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial).</p><br>
<p>Both street facades have double-height full length verandahs which are supported by timber posts. Both street facades also have cross braced exposed timber framing, but the rear walls are clad in chamferboard.</p><br>
<p>First floor verandahs have decorative cast iron work with the verandah floor sloping outwards to a noticeable degree. The verandah roof is formed by a curved corrugated iron awning which has sagged in places along its length. Ground floor verandahs have large advertising signage in the position of the original valance. Entry to the public bar is from the verandah via the front corner door.</p><br>
<p>The building sits on timber stumps. At the rear there is a single-storeyed chamferboard kitchen house, attached to the building via a covered breezeway and open deck.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor contains hotel facilities and has been substantially altered. The first floor contains accommodation, most of which is of original plan form. Internal walls are of single skin tongue and groove board. Internal doors have fanlights above on the ground floor and fretwork panels above on the first floor. Rooms open onto the verandahs via french doors, and rooms at the rear of the building have sash windows with pressed metal window hoods.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Marburg Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Marburg Hotel, erected with additions. is important in demonstrating the evolution of part of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the emergence of Marburg as the centre of a flourishing agricultural community in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating some of the principle characteristics of a late 19th century Queensland rural hotel, in the intactness of the setting, street elevations and upper floor.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Marburg community, including the contribution through scale, form and material to the streetscapes off Queen and Edmond streets, and the landmark quality of the building, being an expression of the centre of the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and special association with the Marburg community, being: an integral part of Marburg social and recreational life since 1881 and part of an historic precinct in the centre of Marburg, which includes the nearby former Queensland National Bank and First World War memorial (now the Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial), and the former Walloon Shire Council Office (now the Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building).</p><br>
<p>Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial is a heritage-listed former bank and community centre at 71 Edmond Street, Marburg, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. The bank building was designed by George Brockwell Gill and built in 1912 by Hastie and Halliwell. The war memorial was added in 1919. It is also known as National Bank of Australasia and Queensland National Bank. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed timber building was erected in 1912 for the Queensland National Bank, as their Marburg branch premises.</p><br>
<p>The QNB had established a branch office at Marburg in 1887, occupying temporary accommodation in the Marburg School of Arts until construction of substantial bank premises in 1888. Following the banking crisis of 1893, the Marburg branch was closed early in 1894, and the bank premises and land were sold. In 1906 the QNB re-established a branch at Marburg, in a small timber building purchased from Weise Bros. It was the only bank in Marburg at the time.</p><br>
<p>With the extension of the railway line from Rosewood to Marburg in 1911, opening officially on 26 January 1912, confidence in the districts future increased. In August 1911 the QNB purchased the present site at the corner of Edmond and Queen Streets, near the railway terminus, and in the first half of 1912, Ipswich contractors Hastie and Halliwell erected new bank premises to a design prepared by Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill. The building housed the banking chamber, managers office, strongroom, bedroom for a resident banking officer, and a bathroom. A kitchen was not included, and the manager&#39;s residence was separate.</p><br>
<p>By 1912 the QNB was one of two banks in Marburg, and an agency of the Government Savings Bank was established 1915. After 1926, however, the QNB remained Marburg&#39;s sole banking establishment.</p><br>
<p>In September 1919 a flagstaff and memorial tablet, honouring local soldiers who had served in the First World War, were erected in the front yard of the QNB premises. Large numbers of Australian troops were being repatriated at this time, and such expressions of local patriotism were not uncommon. The choice of site for the Marburg memorial emphasised the central role of the Queensland National Bank in the district, both in its physical location in the middle of town, and in its provision of a financial infrastructure to the farming community it serviced.</p><br>
<p>The Edmond St premises were occupied by the QNB until 1948 and then by the National Bank of Australasia Limited. In 1970 the Marburg branch of the NBA was closed, but the building was maintained as an agency of the Ipswich branch until 1975. In 1976 the site was sold to the Marburg & District Residents Association Inc., who use the building as a community centre. A doctors surgery, supplying the sole local medical service, also operates from part of the premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed chamferboard building, with a corrugated iron gambrel roof, is located on the corner of Queen and Edmond Streets in the centre of Marburg, opposite the Marburg Hotel and adjacent to the Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building.</p><br>
<p>This building is L-shaped in plan, has concrete stumps with timber stumps to the perimeter, and a central parapeted section of the south wall, fronting Edmond Street. The southeast corner has a decorative timber porch with double entry doors, cross-braced balustrade, curved brackets and a parapet concealing a corrugated iron skillion awning. The western elevation has a partly enclosed verandah with timber posts, cross-braced balustrade, curved brackets and a corrugated iron skillion awning.</p><br>
<p>The building has sash windows and corrugated iron hoods with timber brackets and battens.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has tongue and groove boarding to walls and ceilings, moulded timber architraves and sills, a central masonry strongroom and carpeted timber floors.</p><br>
<p>A First World War Memorial, consisting of a marble plaque, and flagpole are located at the southeast corner of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Marburg Community Centre and First World War Memorial is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the growth of Marburg as a rural district centre in the 1910s and 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The sapling flagstaff demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, being an unusual type of war memorial in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a small, rural Queensland, timber bank premises of the early 20th century, being substantially intact and retaining the original bank vault.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Marburg and district community, including the contribution of the building, through scale, form and material, and of the First World War Memorial, to the streetscapes of Queen and Edmond streets and to the Marburg townscape; and the decorative timber exterior joinery.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is part of an historic precinct in the centre of Marburg, which includes also the adjacent former Walloon Shire Council Office (Rosewood Scrub Historical Society Building) and the Marburg Hotel, which is valued by the Marburg and district community for social and cultural reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the Queensland National Bank and its role in promoting the development of rural Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Woodlands is a heritage-listed mansion at Seminary Road, Marburg, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Brockwell Gill and built from 1889 to 1940s. It is also known as Marburg Campus, Ipswich Grammar School and St Vincent&#39;s Seminary. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woodlands, an imposing, two-storeyed brick residence, was erected in 1889-91 for Thomas Lorimer Smith, saw miller, timber merchant, contractor, sugarcane grower, sugar mill proprietor, and active member of the Marburg community. It was designed by Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill.</p><br>
<p>Thomas had married Mary Stuart in 1881, and at Woodlands they raised a large family. Their first residence was a modest, single-storeyed timber house near the saw mill. In the late 1880s they commissioned Ipswich builder/architect Samuel Shenton to design an imposing two- storeyed brick residence, to be erected on the hill above the Woodlands mills.</p><br>
<p>The Smith family established themselves in the Rosewood-Marbug district in the 1860s/early 1870s. Thomas&#39; father, Charles, had arrived in Queensland from England in 1862, and in 1864 was joined by his wife and family. He established a saw mill at Sandy Creek, Walloon, on the outskirts of the Rosewood Scrub, in 1865, and took his eldest son, Thomas Lorimer Smith, into his saw milling business. Charles Smith was among the first to select land in the Rosewood Scrub, taking up about 1000 acres. This included 568 acres (portion 392, parish of Walloon) selected in September 1870, on part of which Woodlands mansion was erected 20 years later. In 1876 TL Smith entered into partnership with his father, and together they erected a new and larger saw mill on portion 392, close to the then emerging township of Marburg, in the heart of the Rosewood Scrub. The Marbug saw mill opened early in 1877. In the same year Charles retired, leaving the running of the mill to his son. The mill was destroyed by fire early in 1880, but was rebuilt within a few months.</p><br>
<p>Charles Smith died in December 1880, his interest in the Marburg saw mill and land passing to his son Thomas. TL Smith named the property Woodlands, expanded the saw mill - adding a joinery plant - and in the early 1880s, as the district converted to agriculture, moved into sugar cultivation and manufacture. The first sugarcane was planted, a sugar mill was erected next to the saw mill in 1882, and the first crushing and sugar manufacture took place in 1883. TL Smith invested heavily in the sugar mill, erecting a sugar refinery in 1884, an electric light system in 1885 (illuminating the mills, offices, stables, and his private residence), a telephone line between the Marburg mills and Walloon (the nearest telegraph station) in 1885 and a large rum distillery near the mills in 1886. In 1888 he installed more powerful machinery in the sugar mills and distillery, and laid steel tramways on the Woodlands estate to transport sugar cane and other produce to the mills. By 1889, TL Smith&#39;s sugar mill and distillery were considered the most powerful and by far the most modern, in Southern Queensland. In March 1889, giving evidence before the Royal Commission into the Queensland Sugar Industry, TL Smith stated that he was employing 36 South Sea Islanders at Woodlands, which comprised about 1200 acres, with 250 acres under cane. He claimed to have invested £20-25,000 in the sugar mill, distillery, planting, fencing, and tramway. In the late 1880s, Smith also began to plant grapes on the Woodlands estate, intending to expand into the production of wines and brandies.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s and 1890s, TL Smith was the most influential landowner and employer in the Marburg district, and was actively involved in the progress of Marburg township (established early 1870s) and community. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1884, and in 1885 erected the Marburg School of Arts, for which he supplied electric power from his saw mill for the opening celebrations. He also negotiated with the Edison Electric Light Company to supply power to several buildings in the township. He was a member of the Marburg School of Arts Committee, and in 1890 was appointed to the Church of England building committee, having donated an acre of land on the Marburg-Kirchheim Road for the erection of an Anglican church in the Rosewood Scrub. In the 1890s he encouraged the expansion of the local sugar industry, agreeing to purchase cane from other farmers in the Marburg district.</p><br>
<p>Shenton had established himself in Ipswich by 1851 as a carpenter, builder and contractor, and was advertising as an architect and builder by 1874. He had been involved in local politics since 1863, and served as Mayor of Ipswich in 1871-72 and in 1889. From 1886 talented young London architect George Brockwell Gill was employed in Shentons office, and took over the architectural practice when Shenton retired in 1889. It is understood that Woodlands was designed by Gill, rather than Shenton, whose designs prior to being joined by Gill had been modest and pragmatic in style. The Smith family later attributed the design to Gill, whose other notable works included Brynhyfryd (1889–90) at Blackstone (demolished), Ipswich Girls Grammar School (1890–91) and Ipswich Technical College (1898-1900).</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the construction of a mansion at Marburg for TL Smith were called by Shenton in January–February 1889. Construction took over 2 years to complete, the Smiths moving into their new home in July 1891. The bricks were made locally, likely on the property (as with brick-lined dams constructed near the sugar mill in 1883). Red cedar used in the panelling in the dining and drawing rooms reputedly came from Wivenhoe in the Brisbane River Valley and was milled at Woodlands. Cabinet maker and joiner Joseph Klee is understood to have worked on the timber panelling for over a year.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, economic depression, falling sugar prices, unreliable rainfall, and government encouragement to dairy farmers, led to a decline in sugar cultivation in the Marburg district. TL Smith took out a substantial mortgage on his property in 1897, and in January 1906 the Woodlands Estate was subdivided and put up for sale by order of his mortgagees. At this time the estate comprised 29 improved scrub farms, a large sugar mill (to be sold with farm no.22), 1¾ miles of sugar tramway, 38 iron cane trucks, distillery, saw mill, milking herd, numerous small sheds, 12 small cottages and Woodlands Homestead, offered on about 7 acres with an orchard of fruit trees and olives. Several of the farms sold at this time, but the Smith family retained Woodlands residence and much surrounding land. The sugar mill was purchased by Marburg Sugar Co., the chief shareholders of which were Gibson Bros of Bingera, Bundaberg, but the era of the small mill was over - Marburg farmers were no longer keen to grow sugarcane, and the Marburg Sugar Mill closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 TL Smith, still resident at Woodlands, was interviewed by the Brisbane press and a description of the house published:On the crest of an isolated hill the "lookout tower" rises some 50ft above the ground level, giving a beautiful view of the surrounding country. The house is of two stories, built of brick, covered with a cement coating. Doors and windows, of massive design to conform with the spacious rooms, are all of beautifully grained red cedar cut in the Brisbane Valley. Above the top story are two brick 10,000 gallon tanks, which receive all the water from the roof, and from these tanks the water is reticulated through the house, and provides flushing for a septic system. The house took four years to complete, most of the bricks being made in the vicinity. At present the area held is about 300 acres..... Thomas Lorimer Smith died in 1931. Woodlands was retained by the Smith family for over a decade, until transferred in 1944 to the Corporation of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane, along with nearly 130 acres of the Woodlands estate. Archbishop Duhig had purchased the property in the hope of encouraging missionaries of the Society of the Divine Word, evacuated from New Guinea to Brisbane in May 1944, to stay in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Society was founded in 1875 in Steyl, the Netherlands, and had established a base elsewhere in Australia early in the 20th century to provide support for its missionaries in New Guinea. The Divine Word missionaries accepted Duhigs offer, and at Woodlands established the first mission seminary in Queensland. The main residence was renovated, two timber-framed buildings were erected in the grounds for use as classrooms and dormitories, and the place opened as St Vincents Seminary in 1945. In 1954 title to the property was transferred from the Catholic Church to The Society of the Divine Word.</p><br>
<p>By 1986 the main building, then containing 8 bedrooms, 2 servants bedrooms, sitting and dining rooms with full height cedar wall panelling, large sandstone cellar, and 8 fireplaces, remained largely in its original form. The grounds by this time included a 25 metre in-ground pool, two additional dormitory buildings, a chapel, and a small cemetery associated with St Vincents Seminary, and in which 18 persons had been interred, including Dr Eucharist Sirois and his wife, who ran a private hospital in Marburg during the 1910s and 1920s. In 1986 St Vincent&#39;s Seminary closed and the property was sold to the Ipswich Grammar School, which uses the property for weekend activities, seminars, and conferences. In 2002, the school sold the property to a local family, who operate it as a function centre and boutique holiday accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Woodlands is a large, ornate, rendered brick building with two main levels surrounded by verandahs, plus cellar, observation deck and tower.</p><br>
<p>The roof comprises two hips, separated by a masonry balustraded tower section. A curved roof is set down on four sides over open verandahs, with cast-iron paired columns, valance, and upper level balustrade. The main roof eaves, decorated with zigzag fascia, project a small hip into the verandah roof over central doorways on the east and west.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation has a double-storey portico, aligned with the central masonry section, bearing the name Woodlands and the year 1868. (The date refers to the year Charles Smith first took up land in the Rosewood district, not the date of construction of the house.) Either side are two semi-circular pedimented frontis pieces. All have elaborately decorated crests, finials and bargeboards. A large bay window projects either side. This elevation, designed as a front entrance, stands close to steep terracing, overlooking secluded grotto areas. It opens into a vestibule some 2.4m wide, with early mosaic tiled floor. The building, however, is entered from the east, where the driveway encircles an expanse of lawn. This elevation is less formal with arched windows to the front dining room, and rectangular windows to service areas. External joinery to windows and doors is painted. The ground level verandah is concrete floored, and unlined above.</p><br>
<p>Internally, a hallway about 1.5m wide runs east to west. Doors are four panelled with sidelights and semi-circular fanlights, of varying pattern and colour.</p><br>
<p>Ground floor dining rooms and sitting room have plaster ceilings with elaborate circular surrounds to central lights. Doors are cedar panelled with rectangular fan lights over. Deep cornices and pelmets are of moulded cedar. The front dining room has walls of full height cedar, with 4 inch beaded vertical boarding above the panelling to dado height. The fireplace is dark grey marble. The sitting room has full height cedar panelling and a white marble fireplace. The formal dining room opposite has rendered walls with deep cedar skirting. The fireplace is painted. The adjoining office has an angled fireplace sheeted over. This room leads into a vaulted strong room in the northwest corner, rendered, with metal vent grilles.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen is a large square room with recent ceramic tile floor and fittings s. Storerooms with rendered walls and tiled floors lead off under a wide-arched opening. The scullery in the northeast corner is of painted brickwork and hardboard ceiling, with recent mosaic tiled floors. The WC, between scullery and eastern entrance, has rendered walls.</p><br>
<p>There are stairs leading up at the eastern end of the hall, and adjacent to the vestibule. Balustrades are of turned cedar with monumental and elaborate newel posts. The underside of the eastern stair is painted boarding. That adjacent to the vestibule, of cedar panelling.</p><br>
<p>The upper level contains ten bedrooms, some of original dimensions, some divided by hardboard partitions, reusing in places, original panelled doors. Original walls are rendered, several with cornices and light surrounds matching the ground level rooms. The fireplace in the southwest bedroom is painted. The adjoining small bedroom is an exception, having window joinery painted internally. A sitting area above the ground level vestibule has a corrugated iron ceiling and moulded cornice. The door, and sashes to floor level, leading on to the southern verandah, are not early. Earlier glazed panels are in place above. The eastern door from hallway to verandah is of timber and glazed panels, with twin-paned fanlight of yellow patterned glass, and side lights of blue, above green bubble glass. The verandah is floored with 4 inch shot edged boarding. The roof is unlined.</p><br>
<p>Central to this upper floor, a narrow winding stair, leading to the tower, has painted turned balusters and moulded rail. The tower overlooks, through arched openings, hipped roofs either side. Leading out to the masonry balustraded areas over the water tanks, are doors with semi-circular fan lights, boarded on the north, one panelled on the south.</p><br>
<p>From the ground floor, a stair with turned cedar balusters descends to the cellar. Cellar walls are of rough sandstone with arched openings headed in cross-bracing in spaces between 12 inch (300mm) joists. Along the eastern wall are low timber platforms.</p><br>
<p>Woodlands is an outstanding grand residence in a rural setting, overlooking undulating open country to distant hills. It is associated with a picturesque hillside graveyard; large secluded grotto; olive grove and other plantings including Bunya pines (Araucaria bidwillii); and disused dairy buildings. There are three other buildings in the grounds, formerly associated with St Vincent&#39;s seminary: now Bougainvillaea House, Poinciana House and Jacaranda House.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woodlands was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Woodlands is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with early non-indigenous settlement of the Rosewood Scrub and the development of the Marburg district as a sugar-producing region in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a comparatively rare example of a substantial town mansion erected in a rural setting in Queensland, reflecting a way of life to which its builder, a successful entrepreneur of working-class background, aspired.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place survives remarkably intact, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a grand, two-storeyed brick residence with wide, ornate verandahs, observation tower, sandstone cellar, early water reticulation system, and set in substantial grounds, and with fine vistas over rural surroundings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic significance, generated by the formal design, the use of rendered brick and stone, the large public rooms and fine joinery work and cedar panelling internally, the decorative verandahs with cast-iron posts, balustrading and valances, the garden setting, and the prominent ridge-top location. The place has landmark value from the main Ipswich-Toowoomba road.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house is an excellent example of the "grand scale" domestic work of Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill, and has a special association with saw-miller, timber merchant and sugar-mill proprietor Thomas Lorimer Smith and his family. As St Vincents Seminary, the place has a special association with the work of the Society of the Divine Word in Queensland from 1945 to 1986. Two substantial timber-framed dormitory/classroom buildings and a later chapel (now kitchen-dining room) in the grounds are significant for their association with St Vincents Seminary.</p><br>
<p>Purga United Church is a heritage-listed church at Boonah Road, Purga, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1922. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual.</p><br>
<p>The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church is a small building set about 13 metres back from the front of an open grassy block, comprising 1746 square metres, facing Purga School Road. It is positioned about five metres from the western boundary. A second building, the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre (opened in 2001) is located at the rear eastern corner. Access to the block is gained through a gate facing Purga School Road or from a gate into the adjoining school property.</p><br>
<p>The form of the church is very simple. It is a small building, rectangular in plan, about eight metres long and five and a half metres wide. The design is functional; there is an absence of external decorative features. The lack of any obvious Christian iconography is notable. Concrete stumps have been used to replace the original timber and elevate the building to a height of approximately one metre. The space between the floor of the church and the ground is in filled with horizontal planks. The structure is timber framed and clad with weatherboard. All of the windows are tall pivoted sash windows. Each of these is divided into two frames, one on top of the other. Each frame is divided into four lights made of clear glass. The bottom frame of each window pivots about a horizontal axis in the middle of the frame. Access at the front of the building is via a porch and a set of double, ledge and brace timber doors. At the rear access is via a simple wooden door. It has an unpainted, corrugated iron, gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. The church is finished in white paint.</p><br>
<p>One of the narrow sides of the building faces the street. The entrance porch is located on this side. It is raised to the same height as the rest of the building and projects from the center of the elevation. Access to the porch is gained through two openings on either side, each with a set of steps. It has a gabled roof pitched at about 45 degrees. A window opens on each side of the porch. It is unlined and has a fibro floor.</p><br>
<p>The two side elevations are identical. Each has windows spaced equally along its length. Rear access is via a wooden ledge and brace door at the left end of the rear elevation. A set of steps lead to the door. The only window in the rear wall opens slightly to the right of center. Unlike the others, this window has a red corrugated iron awning. A green corrugated iron water tank and tank stand is positioned at the right end of the rear elevation.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church comprises a single room that is unlined and unpainted with the exception of the window frames, which are finished in coloured varnish. The timber floor is bare, except for a long narrow carpet extending the length of the room along the center. A small wooden platform and pulpit are against the wall opposite the main entrance. The central part of the pulpit is about one and a half metres high. It consists of two square section posts joined with timber paneling. The bottom section of paneling comprises two vertical recessed panels. The top half consists of a single panel extending the full width of the central part of the pulpit. This panel is decorated with fretwork depicting an elliptical radiant sun motif surrounded by a floral pattern. Blue felt fabric is fixed to the rear of the panel and shows through the openings in the fretwork. On top of this is a book rest inclined at approximately twenty degrees and finished in blue felt fabric. Two shorter square section posts are set back from the front of the platform about one metre from each side of the central section of the pulpit. Each of them is joined to the central section by two wooden rails.</p><br>
<p>The church is furnished with rows of plain wooden pews. The old wooden organ reputedly dates from the opening of the church. The white glass light fittings are also reputedly original. A more recent fluorescent light is fitted along a beam above the pulpit. Framed historic photographs and a clock of recent manufacture are hung on the walls.</p><br>
<p>There are three gardens in the grounds. At the front western corner of the block, there is a memorial garden dedicated to Helen Kay Aquilina. There is a small landscaped garden, edged with concrete, in front of the church porch and another garden near the entrance to the Purga Federation Community Cultural Centre at the rear of the block. Two benches are positioned along the western side of the church and another next to the memorial gardens. A chain wire fence surrounds the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Purga United Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Purga United Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. The community at Purga developed during the 1860s, opening its first school in 1871. The church was built as a non-denominational church in late 1922. Union churches were more typical in earlier Queensland rural communities. They were built as a means of dealing with the challenges of a small population of mixed religion and a shortage of clergy. The construction of a union church at Purga at such a late stage in the development of Queensland is unusual.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The church demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage. It is a rare, intact example of a purpose built union church that continues to function as such. The church was built and maintained by voluntary contributions from members of several denominations in the district and clergy from different religions led combined services. Though no longer held weekly, multi-denominational religious services continue to be held on special occasions.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a multi-denominational church. It has many design features that are typical of simple rural churches including a steeply pitched roof and a pulpit. There is a notable absence of religious symbols or icons that would link it to a particular denomination. Most of the existing features of the building, including the church organ are reputedly original.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association with the community at Purga for social and spiritual reasons. It has been valued by the Purga community and has functioned as its spiritual centre for over eighty years. Multiple generations of families still living in the district have worshipped at the church. After changed circumstances rendered its tenure less secure, the Friends of Purga Association moved the church to its present location in 1995 because they feared its loss.</p><br>
<p>Deebing Creek Mission is a heritage-listed former Aboriginal reserve at South Deebing Creek Road, Purga, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as Deebing Creek Aboriginal Home, Deebing Creek Aboriginal Mission, and Deebing Creek Aboriginal Reserve. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Deebing Creek Mission comprised areas of land which were gazetted for Aboriginal purposes from 1892 to 1948. The first area of land to be gazetted was R. 177 situated at what is now known as Lot 219 RP858789. This area does not appear to have been used as a place of residence, but from about 1900 it was used as a farm to support the Mission. Two further portions of land were gazetted as Aboriginal Reserves in 1892, the first in lieu of a Water Reserve, and the second nearby on the west bank of Deebing Creek. This area, with the proclamation of additional land, became what is known as the Deebing Creek Mission and a place of residence and work for missionaries and Aborigines until 1915. This Mission was transferred to Purga in 1915, although the Deebing Creek Mission land, remained an Aboriginal Reserve and was used for grazing purposes. Purga Mission was closed in June 1948 and all the reserves were rescinded in December 1948.</p><br>
<p>Around 1887 the Aboriginal Protection Association of Ipswich commenced work on the establishment of a mission at Deebing Creek. It is not clear from the records if a specific religious denomination had responsibility for the Mission, although it is understood that the Reverend Peter Robertson, Chairman of the Aboriginal Protection Association, was a minister of the Presbyterian Church. The Aboriginal Protection Association, comprising Reverend Peter Robertson and local business figures William Foote, George Thorn and John Greenham formed with philanthropic and economic motives to establish a Mission. The Committee had sole authority to run the Mission from 1892-1897. At the time of estalblishment there were two known groups of Aborigines in the Ipswich area. The first were camped in Queen&#39;s Park in Ipswich and the second at Purga. It is thought that a combination of the two groups were the core of the first residents at the Deebing Creek Mission.</p><br>
<p>The Statistical Returns for Deebing Creek School No. 612 (the Mission school) for 1900 state that all of the children attending the school belonged to the Salvation Army, but this may have come about because the Superintendent, Thomas Ivins, appointed in 1896 was a member of the Salvation Army. A report from the Chief Protector in 1906 states that the Deebing Creek Mission, situated five miles (8 kilometres) from Ipswich, was controlled by a Board appointed by the Church authorities. However, the name of the Church has been blackened out in the report. It is evident, however, that the Aboriginal Protection Association, the term regularly used by the committee, managed the Deebing Creek Mission, but relied heavily on the Government to assist financially. The Committee saw this as a legitimate claim after the Deebing Creek Mission was asked to take orphan children and was proclaimed an Industrial School in 1896. The Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act of 1865, provided that Aboriginal and "half-caste" children under the age of fifteen could be brought before a bench of magistrates and ordered for detention at a relevant mission.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Edward Fuller became the first manager of the Deebing Creek Mission. From February 1892 he was thought to have lived in a tent for a year, after which he and his family lived in an architect designed house overlooking the bark huts of the Aborigines along Deebing Creek. It is not stated where this was situated, but it may have been on R. 371, the area gazetted in lieu of a water reserve in April 1892. The mission was supplied with provisions by the Government from February 1891 to February 1894 when a grant of £250 per annum was authorised. This continued until 1896.</p><br>
<p>In July 1892 a deputation from the committee of the Ipswich Aboriginal Protection Association requested that the land already granted to the home be vested in trustees and that a small additional area of land be granted in the immediate locality for the purposes of the Mission. This occurred on 29 October 1892, with the gazettal of a temporary Reserve for the use of the Aboriginals of 41 acres adjacent to Deebing Creek. This description aligns it to the east of portion 197, and is denoted on the survey plan as R. 65, a part of which is now Lot 228 on CC2905, an Aboriginal Cemetery Reserve. Trustees of the Aboriginal Protection Association were appointed.</p><br>
<p>The first record of the number of Aboriginal residents at the Mission appeared in correspondence of 1893, which indicated that there were 33 people. The numbers varied as some went away to work and returned at other periods. Prior to the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act of 1897 the Aboriginal people of Deebing Creek Mission were free to come and go as they pleased. There were only two Aboriginal workers on the Mission at that time.</p><br>
<p>With the passage of the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, the lives of Aboriginal people became increasingly controlled by the State. This Act was described as being passed "to make Provision for the better Protection and Care of the Aboriginal and half-caste Inhabitants of the Colony, and to make more effectual Provision for Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Opium". The Act established the positions of Protectors of Aborigines who administered the Act, and to whom a report was provided each year on each Mission and government settlement. It also provided for the establishment of government-run reserves, made provision for the removal of Aborigines to reserves, and provided for written agreements for the employment of Aborigines. The Act provided Regulations to control the residence, movement, employment and wages, in effect, every aspect of an Aborigine&#39;s life. The Act also expanded official control over mixed-race families. This control, of course, extended to the residents of the Deebing Creek Mission after 1897, especially in relation to agreements for employment outside the Mission.</p><br>
<p>Both children and adults were sent to Deebing Creek Mission from all over the State, from north Queensland as far west as Charleville. Aboriginal people who were sent to reserves away from their traditional lands are known as "historical" people. The reserves which became their homes were the traditional lands of other groups, but the State authorities did not take this cultural aspect into account in removing people from place to place. Nonetheless the reserves, such as Deebing Creek Mission, became "home" to those who were sent there by the Aboriginal Protectors. This has caused great difficulties for Aboriginal Peoples.</p><br>
<p>A typescript report, probably from Archibald Meston in 1896, stated that the Deebing Creek Mission provided a home and food in varying numbers for up to 150 people. He commented that the children received a plain public school education, and that the Aborigines provided labour for clearing, fencing and cultivation on the land that was suitable. Evidence from Meston&#39;s official report of 1896 indicates that the Mission consisted of a Mission house, buildings at the head of the creek and housing for Aborigines which Meston considered were too close together.</p><br>
<p>A short history of the school dated 30 January 1894 verifies that work began at the Mission in 1887 by the then present committee of the Aboriginal Protection Association. In 1894 there were 62 Aborigines at the Station and 27 attending school. An amount of £20.6.8 per month was received from the Government. J Fitzgerald was the teacher and Superintendent. At this stage a tent was being used as a school-room. Each adult male was required to work on the Mission for four hours each day and each family was encouraged to build their own dwelling. By 1897 the land had been fenced off into three portions and the houses and gardens had been fenced off from a common area. Thirteen cottages had been erected.</p><br>
<p>A report dated 5 September 1894 from the Police Magistrate to the Under Secretary, Colonial Secretary&#39;s Office, states that there had been clearing of timber at Deebing Creek Mission and substantial two-railed fencing erected. Two new huts were in evidence and another one was being built. There were about twenty children at the school. It was reported that the land was poor and that 12 young men were doing fencing and clearing.</p><br>
<p>Evidence that a school had been established by 1895 is also located in the Register of Purga Aboriginal School (formerly Deebing Creek) which shows the name, residence and admission age of children from 21 January 1895. Twenty-five names appear on the admission register for 1895. Thereafter the numbers ranged from 3 to 20 until the school was relocated to Purga Mission site in 1915. On 4 September 1895 correspondence indicates that there were new cottages, and that a tent that had been used as a school-room had been replaced by a new building to accommodate 80 people. There was at this time mention of the game of cricket being played.</p><br>
<p>A report dated December 1895 on the material organisation of Deebing Creek Provisional School shows that the school was a rough slab building, canvas lined, and with shingles, being 36 feet long, 13 feet wide with a semi partition about 10 feet from the entrance. It was close to the Superintendent&#39;s quarters. Another hardwood building, 38 feet by 12 feet, to accommodate children being sent was thought not to be required, in which case it was to be converted to a school room.</p><br>
<p>The only evidence of the location of the school in the Deebing Creek area appears on the original plan. This plan indicates that the school was situated on R. 371, the area of land granted in lieu of the water reserve. A report of 1931 states that the school was erected on the south-west corner of the portion. In 1905 the Secretary of the Aboriginal Protection Association reported to Dr Walter Roth, Chief protector of Aborigines, that the portion on which the farm was situated was R. 371 and the house was on the west and the farm on the east end.</p><br>
<p>Correspondence from the Chief Protector of Aborigines to the Home Secretary on 1 February 1907 provides an indication of how the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act 1865 was administered. The Chief Protector stated that the Government was pleased to remit the unexpired portions of the sentences of detention passed upon the undermentioned Industrial School children: Paddy, Jacky and Chloe - sentenced by the Bench of Magistrates, Roma on 7 June 1904, upon conviction on charges of being neglected children, to detention in the Deebing Creek Industrial School for seven years.</p><br>
<p>On 21 November 1896 the Government established, under the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act 1865, an Industrial School at the Deebing Creek Mission, near Ipswich, to be known as the Deebing Creek Industrial School. The gazettal notice included the appointment of Thomas Ivins and Charlotte Emily Ivins as Superintendent and Matron respectively. The grant of £250, authorised in March 1894, was continued until June 1896, at which time a grant of £50 was given to assist in building rooms for orphan children. In 1896 the Reverend Peter Robertson, chairman of the Aboriginal Protection Association, requested and was granted funding for building and to purchase more land. In 1902 it was reported that the Mission received 3s. 6d. weekly for each child committed there under the Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act 1865. At that time there were twenty-three committed children.</p><br>
<p>The Statistical Returns for Deebing Creek School from 1895 to 1923 indicate that the name of the first school was Deebing Creek Provisional School, No. 612. The school retained this number when it became the Purga Aboriginal School. The building was thought to have been removed to the Purga Creek site in 1915.</p><br>
<p>After the passing of the 1897 Act, regular reports were submitted to the Parliament from the Northern and Southern Protector of Aborigines until 1904 when the positions of Northern and Southern Protector were amalgamated to the position of Chief Protector. Although the Aboriginal Protection Association was managing the Mission at this time, it was apparent that the Committee or the Superintendent provided a report to the Protector each year. These reports provide some indication of the number of Aborigines who were admitted or attended the school and the number residents at the Mission. The numbers varied at Deebing Creek Mission largely because of the itinerant work that occupied Aboriginal people outside the Mission. From 1896 the numbers resident show a high of 150 that year to a low of around 54 in 1913. Similarly the school admission register shows a high of 21 admissions in 1896 and a low of one admission in 1910, but these figures are sometimes at variance with those shown in the Chief Protector&#39;s Report.</p><br>
<p>On 20 November 1896 the Aboriginal Protection Association notified the Government that they had bought adjoining land to prevent new houses being built too close together along Deebing Creek, and requested £100 towards the cost. This was probably the additional 110 acres of land purchased by the committee from Joseph Gutteridge, but in May 1897 it was decided to convey the land to the Government rather than have it vested in trustees. The annual grant was increased to £550. The additional land was stated as being portion 197 of 57 acres and portion 204 of 53 acres, adjacent to R. 65 which had been gazetted as an Aboriginal Reserve on 29 October 1892.</p><br>
<p>Meston was not the only person to complain about the unsuitable locality of the Deebing Creek Mission, especially in relation to the absence of fertile land, but also the proximity of the Mission to Ipswich and the availability of alcohol. The only fertile land available was the Nine Mile Reserve. During January and February 1901 there was a dispute over the use of the Nine Mile reserve, the Reserve for the Use of the Aborigines at Purga Creek. This was a part of the original land reserved in January 1892 for the use of Aborigines but had not been used, and no buildings had been erected by the mission because of threats by local residents. As the Mission grew it became necessary to utilise the land and the Aboriginal Protection Association decided a fence was required. Local residents petitioned against this as the Nine Mile was used for camping and water for stock. The dispute led to a deputation asking that the Mission not continue fencing, a decision that was reversed by the Home Secretary. Letters to the Editor from both sides of the argument appeared in The Queenslander. The Reverend Robertson claimed that the Mission was not able to build a fence on a property they had owned for 9 years, and also that produce of cream and timber produced by the Mission was being boycotted. There were some vicious letters from the local constituency in the newspaper, one suggesting that an alternative piece of land be found for the Mission. Reverend Robertson stated that due to the Mission&#39;s increase the Committee had bought three farms at Deebing Creek and two at Purga.</p><br>
<p>Improvements to buildings and land were made and reported from time to time. In 1904 it was reported that improvements on the Mission property itself were made to the value of over £250, and in 1907 a 20,000 gallon underground tank was to be constructed at Deebing Creek Mission to alleviate the poor water supply. The 1907 Protectors Report published a photograph of Deebing Creek Mission which shows about 8 homes in the background with numerous people in the foreground of the image. The Aboriginal people were interested in attending and competing in the footrace in Ipswich called the Sheffield Handicap. In 1907, for the purposes of the Aborigines attending the footrace, the operation of the 1897 to 1901 Act was suspended for same. This referred to the Aboriginals Protection and the Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 which controlled the movement of Aboriginal people outside the reserves; they were required to have a permit to travel. In 1909 it was reported that a new home had been erected beside the school for the committal children. The reports during this time also showed a gradual improvement in the farming operations, with an increase in stock and vegetable produce which supplied the Mission with meat, milk and vegetables, with some at times being sold to supplement the Missions income.</p><br>
<p>The 1910 Protector&#39;s Report suggests that there was a marked improvement in the homes and life of those residents who had been the longest under the influence of the Mission. It was reported that the Aboriginal people made it a true home.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 two new homes were built at Deebing Creek Mission and improvements made to others. It was stated that the Mission controlled about 2,072 acres of land, which including 200 acres at Deebing Creek.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 the Deebing Creek Mission was relocated to Purga. It is not stated clearly in the records exactly where the buildings from Deebing Creek Mission were relocated to and what improvements were made. The Government, who it is known was managing the area in 1920 when the Salvation Army took over, may have taken over management of Deebing Creek Mission around 1914.</p><br>
<p>In correspondence on 18 December 1914, the Reverend Robertson requested payment to assist the removal of buildings from Deebing Creek Mission to Purga. The letter stated that for 25 years "we" have been in charge of the Mission and have spent every year more money on food and clothing for the people than received from the Government. The Aboriginal Protection Association had concerns regarding the paying of their accounts. It is interesting to note that from this time the Reverend Robertson is not mentioned in reports or correspondence and the Committee is mentioned in the 1914 Protector&#39;s Report for the last time. Although the records are not clear on this point, it appears that the Aboriginal Protection Association of Ipswich may have decided to abandon the management of the Mission after it moved to Purga.</p><br>
<p>It is apparent from documents in relation to the prickly pear infestation at Deebing Creek in 1929 that the Mission there was not occupied, but under the control of the Salvation Army and John Bleakley, Chief Protector. The document refers to the Salvation Army Aboriginal Colony. In 1931 a report by the Ranger in relation to the proposed opening up the Deebing Creek Mission area for selection stated that a school had been erected on the south west corner of portion 204.</p><br>
<p>The 1934 Report of the Aboriginal Department indicated that the farm had been subdivided, and a considerable amount of ring barking and suckering had been carried out at Deebing Creek.</p><br>
<p>In 1967 some Ipswich Aboriginal people, under the leadership of Les Davidson, petitioned the Queensland Premier requesting that their burial grounds, bora rings, cave paintings and any cemetery excavations be preserved as are European burial grounds. This letter identified two burial grounds, one at Deebing Creek Mission and one at Purga.</p><br>
<p>Undated newspaper clippings from 1974-1975 gave publicity to the request of the Aboriginal people, whose ancestors were buried at Deebing Creek Mission, for their land to be returned. Mr Davidson also enlisted the assistance of Senator Jim Cavanagh to have the land of their forefathers returned. Mr Davidson said that Aborigines who were born at Deebing Creek Mission included people from around Ipswich, Cherbourg, Brisbane, Beaudesert and country areas.</p><br>
<p>On 21 February 1976 land was gazetted for the resumption of an area of 3,600 square metres being part of Agricultural Farm No. 7869, Lot 218 CC2906, for Aboriginal Cemetery purposes. At the same time an easement was proclaimed, which was resumed from the same Lot. This was surveyed on 25 June 1975 and is currently gazetted as Lot 228 CC2905. The Cemetery Reserve, Lot 228 CC2905, is situated on the west bank of Deebing Creek, which was a part of the original Aboriginal Reserve, R. 65.</p><br>
<p>During 1977 there was correspondence in relation to compensation for the owners of the land from which the resumption was executed. There was also discussion relating to access for visitors to the reserve. It appeared that access to the Cemetery was to be controlled by the Lands Department for the purpose of clearing the area and repairing headstones until the matter of compensation was finalised.</p><br>
<p>From 1978 to 1980 there is correspondence in relation to requests from Mr William Thorpe for access to land records for his personal research. One of the letters from the Department of Aboriginal and Islander Advancement to Mr Thorpe indicates that the Department was undertaking research to ascertain the names and burial places of the original residents of Deebing Creek Mission. Other papers indicate that there was a proposed submission to the Aboriginal Development Commission to obtain several hundred acres of land at Deebing Creek.</p><br>
<p>On 23 November 1985 an Order in Council of 21 November 1985 rescinded the proclamation of a portion of land of 55.847 ha in the Ipswich Land Agent&#39;s District, parish of Purga (Churchill) which had been proclaimed for Public Purposes on 25 August 1886 and gazetted on 28 August 1886. The area of about 138 acres aligned largely with the Aboriginal Reserve R. 177 proclaimed on 2 January 1892 that was reduced in size in the re-gazettal in 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located approximately eight kilometres south of Ipswich City, access to the site of Deebing Creek Mission is from the Cunningham Highway and at the end of South Deebing Creek Road.</p><br>
<p>Historic plantings at the site include a large Bunya pine tree. Other historic plantings include two large Fig Trees, a Mango Tree and a Date Palm.</p><br>
<p>The 1907, 20,000 gallon underground brick tank constructed at the Deebing Creek Mission to alleviate the poor water supply remains in situ. This underground tank is now screened by thick vegetation on three sides and has an old fence around it. The tank has been used as a rubbish dump and has numerous car tyres in it.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of terracing remains at the site near the southern boundary fence as the land falls away to Deebing Creek. A large stone on which the children of the school sharpened their lead pencil has also been reported at the site in proximity to the terracing and water tank.</p><br>
<p>A single headstone was erected at the Cemetery dedicated to Mrs Julia Ford who died in 1896. However oral evidence from Mr John Lynch and Mr Les Davidson, and a 1975 report by Mr J. Skinner, Land Inspector to the Land Administration Commission indicate that there were as many as 13 additional burials at the Cemetery. This is substantiated by a newspaper article of 1892 stating that two people had died at the Mission that year and were buried at the nearby Cemetery. The remains of several stone cairns thought to mark the locations of some of the additional grave are also present at the Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>There are two old huts on the land dating to the Second World War which do not relate to the Mission period. Local Indigenous families squatted in the huts during the 1950s-1960s.</p><br>
<p>There is a high level of archaeological potential at the Deebing Creek Mission site. Inspection by officers of the Environmental Protection Agency and Traditional Owners revealed a possible location for the Deebing Creek Mission school site and Superintendent&#39;s residence including the presence of ceramics, old bottles, glass and a harmonica. Additionally, it is known that Aboriginal residents constructed housing along the banks of Deebing Creek. Published reports state that each house was made of timber with up to four partitions, dirt floors and concrete steps leading from the back of the house towards the banks of Deebing Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Deebing Creek Mission was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Deebing Creek Mission is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as it was an institution created to house, utilise labour and control the movement of Aboriginal people in the latter part of the 1800s until its closure in 1915 when the Mission was moved to Purga.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The intactness of an underground water facility, historic plantings, and the cemetery at Deebing Creek Mission have the potential to reveal further information about 19th and 20th century life and burial practices at an institutionalised Mission.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Deebing Creek Mission has a strong association with the Indigenous community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. The Mission is of great significance to the traditional Aboriginal people of that area, and also to others known as "historical people" who were sent to live at the Mission from 1892-1915. The Cemetery is a significant burial ground for Aboriginal people in the area relating to Mission times.</p><br>
<p>Shaw Family Farms are historic family farms and a national historic district located near Wagram, Scotland County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 16 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures. They include three houses: The Dr Daniel Shaw House, a large two-story, double-pile house with a dominant double tier gable portico built about 1885 with a Greek Revival interior; the Alexander Edwin Shaw House, a rambling one-story vernacular frame dwelling with an extensive Victorian wraparound porch also built about 1885; and the Dr. William Graham Shaw House, a one-story house of traditional local form, treated with a variety of simplified Queen Anne elements and built in 1900. Also on the farms are a number of contributing agricultural outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Laurinburg Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Laurinburg, Scotland County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 51 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the central business district of Laurinburg. They were built between about 1893 and 1953 and include notable examples of Streamline Moderne and Art Deco architecture. Notable buildings include the Central Hotel , McDougalds Furniture Store and Funeral Parlor , Everingtons Drug Store , Scotland Pharmacy , USA Post Office  designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under Louis A. Simon and built by the Federal Works Administration, First United Methodist Church , Hammond Company Building, and  Winn Dixie Grocery Store .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Albemarle Historic District is a national historic district located at Albemarle, Stanly County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 20 contributing buildings in the central business district of Albemarle. They were built between about 1898 and 1950 and include notable examples of Early Commercial architecture. Located in the district and separately listed is the Starnes Opera House. Other notable buildings include the Central Lunch , Farmers Hardware and General Store , King Block I , King Block II , King Block III , J. C. Parker Building , King Building , Hall&#39;s Pharmacy Building , Efird Dry Goods Store , The Enterprise Steam Print Building , "The Big Store" , Fitzgerald Building , and Morgan Furniture Building .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Pee Dee Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Albemarle, Stanly County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 87 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in a predominantly residential section of Albemarle. They were built between about 1891 and 1947 and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style residential architecture. Notable buildings include the Brown-Parker House , Crowell House , Lambert-Hughes-Ferrell House , W. Berly Beaver House , David Augustus Holbrook House , Langley-Holbrook House , William Thomas Huckabee, Jr., House , Robert Lee Smith Family House , and Wade F. Denning House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Badin Historic District is a national historic district located at Badin, Stanly County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 200 contributing buildings and 8 contributing sites in the company town of Badin. They were built starting about 1912 and include residential, institutional, and commercial structures in Gothic Revival and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. The community was developed by the Southern Aluminum Company of America, later Alcoa, with Badin developed for white residents. Notable buildings include the Badin Hospital , Bakin Elementary School , 24 Henderson Street , 28-30 Henderson Street duplex , 27-33 Boyden Street quadraplex , Badin Club House  and Club House Annex , and Badin Baptist Church .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>West Badin Historic District is a national historic district located at Badin, Stanly County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 153 contributing buildings and 4 contributing sites in the company town of Badin. They were built starting about 1912 and include residential, institutional, and commercial structures in Gothic Revival and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. The community was developed by the Southern Aluminum Company of America, later Alcoa, with West Badin developed for African-American residents. Notable buildings include the houses at 704 Roosevelt Street and 417 Jackson Street, 228-226 Lincoln Avenue duplex, Baptist Church, McDonald&#39;s Chapel AME Zion Church, and Badin Colored School.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Isaiah Wilson Snugs House, also known as the Isaiah Wilson Snuggs House and the Marks House, are two historic homes located at Albemarle, Stanly County, North Carolina. The Marks House was built about 1847, and is a two-story, transitional Federal / Greek Revival style frame dwelling. It is the oldest surviving house in Albemarle. It was moved to its present site behind the Snuggs house in 1975. The Isaiah Wilson Snuggs House, the second oldest in Albemarle, was built about 1874, and is a two-story, three-bay, frame dwelling, with a two-room kitchen/dining room ell. The houses were restored in the 1980s and are operated as historic house museums by the Stanly County Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Danbury Historic District is a national historic district located at Danbury, Stokes County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 44 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential section of Danbury. They were built between about 1860 and 1930 and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, and Bungalow architecture. Located in the district and separately listed is the Stokes County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the County Jail , Petree Store, the Martin Store, Stack-Bickett Law office , Bank of Stokes County , McCannless Hotel , James Pepper House , Wilson Fulton brick house , Samuel H. Taylor House/Hotel, the N. E. Wall House , Baptist Mission Church, Clark Memorial Presbyterian Church , and the Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Purga Aboriginal Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Carmichaels Road, Purga, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Purga Creek Aboriginal Mission comprised areas of land gazetted for Aboriginal purposes from 1892 until they were rescinded in 1948. The first area of land to be gazetted was R.177 situated about 8 km south of Ipswich in an area referred to as Purga Creek (South). Buildings and structures associated with the Purga Creek Mission site no longer exist. The cemetery, gazetted in 1968 but in use much earlier, retains a long association with the Purga Creek Aboriginal Mission with the earliest marked grave dating from 1918 a few years after the establishment of the mission.</p><br>
<p>The Purga Creek Aboriginal Mission was established in 1914 as a self-supporting farm and a training venture for future employment and remained so until 1948 when the mission closed. At the time the buildings were described as being dilapidated with better facilities available at other State Aboriginal settlements. The closure of the mission also ended a 27-year association of the Salvation Army with the place.</p><br>
<p>An earlier mission had been established at Deebing Creek in 1892 following the selection by the Aboriginal Protection Society of a suitable site to accommodate Aborigines. Set up in Ipswich by a group of businessmen and women, in 1889 the society was taken over by members of various local church groups. A particular concern of the society was the accessibility of alcohol by the Aborigines. Deebing Creek was a place of residence and work for missionaries and Aboriginal people until 1914 until when the mission moved to Purga Creek. During the period of time when the mission was located at Deebing Creek, R.177 (now known as Lot 219 RP858789) was referred to as the farm at the Nine Mile or the Nine Mile Reserve, with farm produce supporting the Deebing Creek Mission.</p><br>
<p>One of the first to complain about the suitability of the Deebing Creek Mission site, and the absence of fertile land, was Archibald Meston. In 1897, under the provisions of the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, Meston was appointed Protector of Aborigines for south Queensland. Under the act, the lives of Aboriginal people became increasingly controlled by the State, providing for the establishment of government-run reserves, provision for the removal of Aborigines to reserves, provided for written agreements for the employment of Aborigines as well as controlling the residence, movement, employment and wages of Aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>In September 1901 an area of 112 acres was gazetted as a temporary Reserve for Aborigines. This was much the same parcel of land gazetted in January 1892 (R.177) though slightly smaller in area. By 1910 several acres of the Nine Mile Reserve had been cleared and stumped and twelve acres had been placed under crop. By 1913, when trying to operate the Nine Mile farm from Deebing Creek became increasingly difficult, a move to Purga Creek about 4 km south of Deebing Creek was proposed. This move was also thought necessary to minimise the temptation for Aboriginal people to obtain alcohol from Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 the Committee governing the Deebing Creek Mission purchased a small farm of 62 acres close to the Nine Mile Reserve at Purga, as a site for the proposed relocated mission settlement. This is understood to be portion 60 (now Lot 60 on CC1433) located between Purga Creek to the west and the Ipswich-Boonah Road and Fassifern branch railway to the east, just west of the Nine Mile Reserve. Apart from the convenient proximity to the railway, the new site provided space for the erection of increased dormitory and storage accommodation as well as extra cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Most of the cost of relocation was met by the Queensland Government with £200 being approved towards the cost of removing and re-erecting the principal buildings (including the school) from the old site at Deebing Creek to the new Purga Homestead. Opportunity was taken to discard the old system of slab huts and to erect, utilising inmates&#39; labour, new, neat timber cottages on stumps, to receive the families transferred from Deebing Creek. These cottages were aligned around three sides of a square paddock of about six acres, and could be closely supervised from the official quarters. The resident mission population rose to 85 that year.</p><br>
<p>Aboriginal children and adults from all over the State - from North Queensland and as far west as Charleville - were sent to Purga Creek Mission. Aboriginal people who were sent to reserves away from their traditional lands are known as historical people. The reserves which became their homes were the traditional lands of other groups, but the State authorities did not take this cultural aspect into account in removing people from place to place. Nonetheless reserves such as Purga Creek Mission became home to those who were sent there by Aboriginal Protectors.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 there was 20 acres of land under cultivation at Purga Creek, sufficient produce had been grown both to provide for the mission and to sell locally, and the mission had produced prize winning herds of pigs, dairy and beef cattle.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the Salvation Army, which appeared to have had some involvement, perhaps from a temperance and charitable aspect, with the Purga Creek Mission from the early mission days, was approached by the Queensland Government to take control of the site. The Salvation Army accepted and made immediate improvements, including construction of a large school hall, a dining hall for the orphans, repairs to the girls dormitory and conversion of the old school into a boys dormitory. The Salvation Army used the term "colony" instead of "mission". The War Cry reported the official function of the opening of the Aboriginal Colony in January 1921. When the Salvation Army took over there was accommodation for 40 boys and girls and room for 100 Colonists.</p><br>
<p>The Reports of the Aboriginal Department over the years in relation to Purga were brief, mainly stating the number of orphan children maintained at the Purga Industrial School, an aspect of the Salvation Army work, and an update on the agricultural operation. In 1933 it was stated that a well was sunk in the village. This is the first time the word "village" is used in connection with Purga Mission. There appeared to be encouragement of the cultivation of private gardens by Aboriginal residents. Whilst archival records for Purga Creek are sparse between 1914 until about 1935, reports from the interwar period show that married couples and their families were encouraged to live in their own huts on the mission and cook for themselves from weekly rations. Orphaned children and unmarried adults resided in dormitories. The Aboriginal men worked on the farm or went out to work.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1940s with a decreasing population and with buildings deteriorating a Visiting Justice, JJ Leahy wrote to the Under Secretary of the Department of Health and Home Affairs in January 1947 regarding the poor state of the buildings at Purga. The Salvation Army requested urgent repairs to the buildings at Purga Mission buildings in April 1947. The brief report on the Purga Mission in 1947 showed that renovations and improvements had been made to the buildings. A total of ten children were then at the mission.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the Director of Native Affairs indicated that Purga Mission was to be closed, the official date of closure being 30 June 1948, which is also the date of the school&#39;s closure. The total number of residents was seven. The children were sent to other Aboriginal Settlements. The Land Administration Board was to take over all the land and improvements within the Mission Reserve, apart from the church building, which was to be left to the disposal of the Salvation Army. The proclamation to rescind a number of reserves including R.177 appeared in the Queensland Government Gazette in December 1948.</p><br>
<p>In March 1968 a Reserve for an Aboriginal Cemetery (R. 841), under the control of the Director of Aboriginal and Island Affairs as trustee, was proclaimed. An area of one acre (Lot 217 CP858790) was excised from the original R.177 (now lot 219 on RP858789). The earliest marked headstone dates to 1918, indicating that the cemetery was in use from the earliest years of the Purga Creek Mission.</p><br>
<p>In May 2002 an article headed "Indigenous community mourns elder" appeared in The Courier-Mail recording the death of Brisbane elder Aunty Janey Arnold, a long-time Indigenous rights and equity campaigner. Aunty Janey was born about 1908 in an Aboriginal camp site on the outskirts of Mitchell. When she was one, Aunty Janey&#39;s family was moved to Deebing Creek Mission outside Ipswich and later moved to the nearby Purga Creek Mission. Auntey Janey was buried in the Purga Aboriginal Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Harold Blair, the world-renowned tenor, was the most famous of Purga Creek Mission residents, being brought to Purga when he was 3 months old and stayed until he finished his schooling at 17 years of age. When he died in 1976 a memorial service was held at the Purga Aboriginal Cemetery and his ashes were scattered at that site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Purga Aboriginal Cemetery is located approximately 15 kilometres south of Ipswich City along the Ipswich-Boonah Road. A signpost at Carmichaels Road (off the Ipswich-Boonah Road) marks the turn-off to the cemetery, following Carmichaels Road approximately one kilometre to a right hand turn and travelling c100m to access the cemetery driveway. A recent amenities block has been constructed in the south- west corner of the reserve. This is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The whole area is one hectare with a smaller portion within the reserve fenced off with a chain wire fence and gate. This fenced off portion has a number of early marble headstones, one dating to 1918. Other graves within the fenced off portion are marked by simple timber crucifixes and low-set concrete headstones. The grave of Aunty Janey Arnold is located in the fenced off portion. A number of graves are located in the larger area of the reserve outside the small fenced portion. These graves are marked in various ways including simple timber crucifixes with small brass plaques and concrete surrounds and more elaborate granite headstones. A timber sign in the south-west corner reads "DOREEN THOMPSON MEMORIAL CEMETERY".</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Purga Aboriginal Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Purga Aboriginal Cemetery is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as it is connected to the establishment of the Purga Aboriginal Mission in the area in 1914 when the mission moved to Purga Creek from Deebing Creek. Whilst the mission closed in 1948 the cemetery remains open and has had recent burials. The cemetery is a physical reminder of the practice of isolating Aboriginal people from the mainstream Queensland community in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Purga Aboriginal Cemetery is important as a place of ritual and ceremony having a strong association with the Aboriginal community associated with Purga Creek Mission, established in 1914. The cemetery is the resting place for the Aboriginal people from the Purga Creek Mission and their descendents, including Aboriginal people who were moved to Purga Creek from other areas around Queensland, and who are known as "historical" people.</p><br>
<p>Rosewood Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at 1 John Street, Rosewood, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1908 to 1923. It is also known as Rosewood police residence. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 June 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rosewood Police Complex includes the former court house building and the police residence, both of which were completed in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Records indicate that a Police Station was established in Rosewood by the late 1870s. Until the early 1890s, Court at Rosewood was held in the single constable&#39;s room of the police barracks on the site of the present Police Residence at the corner of John Street and Walloon Road (renamed Railway Street). A detached Court Room was erected in 1892 on the adjacent site, fronting Walloon Road. By the turn of the century, court facilities were again inadequate and tenders for additions to the Court House were called in 1902. In 1905, a report described the condition of the police buildings as being in very bad repair, and concluded that "...Rosewood being a town of considerable importance...the wisest course would be to erect new Police Station Buildings."</p><br>
<p>The local community opinion appears to have been divided over the site of the new buildings, between another site, possibly the School Reserve which would enable the existing site to be sold for business premises; and retention of the existing site. Eventually, it was decided that the existing site was the most central and therefore the most suitable, and a new court house with offices for magistrate and constable, and a new police station (used as the police residence), double-cell buildings and stable were erected by C Risdale in 1908 for approximately £800. The old court house and police buildings were sold and removed from the site.</p><br>
<h3>The Court House</h3><br>
<p>Following erection of the new Court House, the Police occupied the two offices at the rear of the building. This arrangement appears to have existed until 1916, when a Clerk of Petty Sessions (CPS) was appointed to Rosewood, after which the Police and the CPS occupied one office each. During the late 1940s, the Court House was also used as additional sleeping accommodation for Constables attached to the Police Station.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1960s, the facilities provided for the police in the court house were inadequate, limited to one office with no public counter and limited storage space. The northern verandah of the court house was enclosed in 1977 to provide additional office space for the police. By 1986, there was again insufficient space to accommodate the police, and a new police station was completed in 1987. During construction of the new building, the existing cell block and other outbuildings were removed, the cell block being relocated to the Rosewood BMX ground as a club canteen.</p><br>
<p>The Rosewood court house was closed in 1991.</p><br>
<h3>The Police Residence</h3><br>
<p>A verandah was added to the eastern side of the Police Residence in 1923, and enclosed in 1939. An additional residence was completed in 1985 on adjoining land, with frontage to Railway Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rosewood Police Complex, located in the centre of Rosewood on the northern corner of Railway and John Streets, consists of a former court house and a police residence either side of a recently constructed police station. The complex forms a significant element within the streetscape of John Street, characterised by predominantly timber buildings.</p><br>
<p>The former court house is a single-storeyed timber building with a half-gable and hipped corrugated iron roof and concrete stumps. The building has a T-shaped plan with the court room, facing John Street to the southwest, surrounded on three sides by verandahs, and offices to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The building has weatherboard cladding to the exposed northeast end, and single-skin exposed framing to the verandah walls. The northwest verandah has been enclosed with hardboard sheeting and louvred windows. Verandahs have a timber rail balustrade, timber posts and curved valance, with French doors and sash windows opening from the court room. The northeast end has sash windows with timber batten and corrugated iron hoods.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building contains early court room furniture including a timber witness stand and Judge&#39;s bench. The building has boarded ceilings and vertical timber boarding to walls.</p><br>
<p>The police residence, located on the corner of Railway and John Streets, is a single-storeyed weatherboard building with a half-gable and hipped corrugated iron roof. The building has a verandah on the southern side enclosed with weatherboard and louvres, and a verandah on the northeast, which is a later addition, enclosed with weatherboard and casement windows. An enclosed verandah room is also located on the western side.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has vertically joined boarding to walls and boarded ceilings. Doors have fanlights and windows are mostly timber sashes.</p><br>
<p>The police station, a recent single-storeyed masonry structure, is located between the former court house and the police residence fronting John Street to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rosewood Police Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 June 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rosewood Police Complex survives as evidence of the development of Rosewood as a centre for the surrounding district during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former court house is a good example of an architectural type developed by the Public Works department.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Through the use of materials, architectural forms and scale, the complex is a significant element within the Rosewood townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site, associated with the police from the 1870s and buildings dating from 1908, maintains a strong association with the Rosewood community.</p><br>
<p>Glendalough is a heritage-listed villa at 96 John Street, Rosewood, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This large timber residence was constructed in at least two stages, with the flamboyant early 1910s extensions constructed for Rosewood storekeeper Thomas Ernest Bulcock and his wife Edith Mary Bourke, who were married in June 1910. Rosewood had been established as a private town following the construction of the Ipswich to Grandchester railway in 1864-1865. Situated on the southern edge of the Rosewood Scrub, the town developed as a service centre to surrounding farms. In the late 19th and early 20th century the district boomed with the expansion of the dairying industry.</p><br>
<p>TE Bulcock was the son of seed and produce merchant and former Queensland parliamentarian, Robert Bulcock, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Enoggera 1885-88 and Member of the Queensland Legislative Council 1894-1900. He was born in Brisbane and worked with Brooks and Noble, hardware merchants, before moving to Alfred Shaw and Co. Thomas and his brother Arthur Bulcock launched their own business, when they purchased a general store at Rosewood established by Frederick Lound, which they then conducted as Bulcock Brothers&#39; The Trade Palace. The firm proved successful, and by was described as one of the most extensive general storekeeping businesses on the southern railway, between Ipswich and Toowoomba. By this date TE Bulcock also had an interest in a Rosewood auctioneering business, Whitworth and Bulcock.</p><br>
<p>In December 1910, Bulcock acquired title to a residential site of just over 1.25 acres in John Street, Rosewood. It is thought that a 6-roomed house was extant on the site at the time, and that Bulcock commissioned the flamboyant extensions which so distinguish the house from its neighbours, soon after purchase. He raised a mortgage of £800 on the land in March 1911, which may have helped pay for the additions. A (probably earlier) photograph of the house shows the extensions, which included a large billiard room on the south side of the house an octagonal summer sleeping room on the north side, and winged stair at the front. The accompanying description reads: Eight lofty and spacious rooms, in addition to kitchen and offices, are contained in the interior, while a feature of the house is a summer sleeping-room, formed by the bay, octagonal in shape, and 12 feet across, with windows on all sides. The house stood in a flower garden adorned with statuary.</p><br>
<p>A late 20th century fabric analysis suggests that the house was constructed in at least two stages, the first comprising living room, dining room, central hallway, three bedrooms and kitchen, with verandahs to three sides (the 6-roomed original house). The large billiard room on the south side of the house and the verandah and sleeping room on the north side are clearly additions.</p><br>
<p>During the Bulcocks&#39; residence, Glendalough was a focus for local social occasions. The family was well known in the community, and TE Bulcock was a member of a local masonic club. About 1923-24 the Bulcocks appear to have sold their Rosewood business, and left the district. In late 1923 Glendalough was transferred to the Grant family, who resided there until. The house remains a family home.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Glendalough is a large, ornate, early 20th century timber home, high-set on a large corner allotment in the small town of Rosewood, near Ipswich. Despite a number of early accretions, the house presents a unified, elaborate form, with subtle suggestions of sectional rebuilding and extension. The roof contains a central pyramid with square ridge crested in cast iron. Gables decorate the eaves line to the eastern front and south. A verandah roof, set down around four sides, is interrupted by a projecting dominant front gable with hooded sash and side lights, and a rear hipped kitchen section with a rectangular window bay. A gabled portico projects over the front stair landing. The front stair, with balustrade of crossed timber members, descends in one flight, turning out into the garden from an intermediate landing.</p><br>
<p>Adjoining the main roof on the southeast is a smaller, short-ridged pyramid which roofs that section of verandah, extended an equivalent width to the south. This forms the living room. Decorative eaved gables face east and south.</p><br>
<p>All gables are sheeted and battened, with scalloped bargeboard. The high east gable of the southern wing, has a bargeboard of differing profile.</p><br>
<p>An octagonal bedroom 5.27 metres wide projects from the northeast corner. It has a segmental low-pitched sheet metal roof with central finial. Within each face is a large window with four-paned upper, and two-paned lower sash, and a smaller twin-paned window above.</p><br>
<p>Open verandahs with consistent cast iron balustrade follow the southeast facing corners of the house, and remain in place along the tree-screened north, between an enclosed bathroom section and the octagon. Bay windows, of chamferboard to sill height, project into the front verandah space to the east and south. Walls between are of vertical boarding. The front wall and window are set back behind a line of timber posts supporting the main roof. A slatted valance spans between these posts. The verandah ceiling is flat sheeted and battened. Verandah posts are timber, with moulded capitals, and fretwork brackets. Wooden blinds filter light to the wide front verandahs. On the outer face of the southern extension, a high arched and dowelled valance, with pendant, elaborates the bays. Bay windows reduce a narrow verandah space to about half a metre.</p><br>
<p>Interior rooms have pressed metal ceilings. Early light fittings, and cedar joinery remain in place. Walls are 4 inch (100mm) vertical tongue and groove boarding. The opening from hall to lounge has been widened. Here and most notably in the hall, panels of lattice wrap around the central section of wall nibs. Fretwork of relatively recent date has been applied to the doorway between hall and dining room. The octagonal bedroom windows contain original pale green and yellow glass, and darker replacement panes.</p><br>
<p>From the octagon a walk-through sash opening leads to the northern verandah. Here a stair of later date leads down.</p><br>
<p>Under the house, all stumps are of timber. Diagonal battens surround the house, except where rear bays, sheeted in both weatherboards and chamferboards, enclose a storeroom and disused bathroom. There is, in places, attached, an additional outer skirt of short vertical battens. Along each side is a second line of diagonal battens one bay back.</p><br>
<p>A central stump supports the octagon, and here previously painted floorboards have been re-arranged, adding to evidence of the probable re-building of this room.</p><br>
<p>The house is set in a spacious garden accommodating formal and informal plantings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Glendalough was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Glendalough, erected circa early 1900s with substantial early 1910s additions, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queenslands history, being a fine example of the home of a successful local merchant in a small Queensland town during the boom years of the early 20th century. TE Bulcocks success reflected the growing affluence of the Rosewood district, which prospered in the early 20th century along with the dairy boom.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Glendalough is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, early 20th century timber residence of a wealthy and influential local citizen, designed to impress, which employs decorative timberwork, design elements which accommodate the warm Queensland climate - including wide verandahs on all sides and a well-ventilated summer sleeping pavilion - and a substantial garden. The layout of the large formal entertaining areas provides evidence of the social standing of its original inhabitants, and of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Glendalough makes a significant contribution to the Rosewood townscape, was closely associated with a prominent local businessman and the social life of the town, and is valued by the community as a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Glendalough makes a significant contribution to the Rosewood townscape, was closely associated with a prominent local businessman and the social life of the town, and is valued by the community as a local landmark.</p><br>
